次微米金氧半場效電晶體高頻大訊號模型及應用於微波積體電路之研究

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蕭兆志(Chao-Chih Hsiao) 查詢紙本館藏

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次微米金氧半場效電晶體高頻大訊號模型及應用於微波積體電路之研究
(Submicron MOSFET RF Large-signal Model Used in Microwave Integrated Circuit Designs)

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摘要(中)

摘要
隨著個人無線行動通訊系統如火如荼的發展，各家廠商無不以低成本、高效能與短的產品上市時程為競爭的訴求。而根據這些要求，矽質金氧半場效電晶體遂成為應用於射頻通訊系統的最佳解決方案。但由於矽質金氧半場效電晶體本身在高頻時所具有的寄生效應並無法被傳統的金氧半場效電晶體模型所預測，所以在射頻電路的應用上往往因為沒有足夠準確的大訊號模型而造成設計時間的浪費。為了改善此一現象，我們需要一個不僅能夠應用在直流、交流模擬的大訊號模型，還需要能夠準確預測金氧半場效電晶體高頻特性的大訊號模型，除此之外，金氧半場效電晶體模型在功率特性預測上亦成為一個重要的課題。在本篇論文中，我們根據製程公司所提供的0.35微米標準金氧半場效電晶體製程的BSIM3v3模型，外加上表現高頻寄生效應的被動元件，建立了一個完整的金氧半場效電晶體高頻大訊號模型。此一大訊號模型除可準確模擬元件直流、交流特性外，還可以準確的預估元件操作在高頻率與高功率輸入/出的特性。我們利用此一金氧半場效電晶體高頻大訊號模型，分別設計與製作了各種不同的微波電路，以驗證我們高頻大訊號模型的準確性。此外我們為了研究矽質基板在不同元件間訊號耦合的現象，我們設計了一個測試架構來測試不同元件之訊號藉由基板耦合的效應，並且，我們使用不同的阻隔架構來試圖減少訊號耦合的現象。最後我們分別建立了兩個等效模型來模擬矽質基板的耦合效應，此兩個模型分別為：等效電路模型與半經驗式模型。由這兩個等效模型可以使我們更容易瞭解矽質基板耦合效應的機制。
在本論文中，首先在第二章中我們利用一個傳統的BSIM3v3大訊號模型，建立了一個完整的金氧半場效電晶體高頻大訊號模型。利用此一高頻大訊號模型，我們另提出一利用偏壓改善線性度的方法。此一方法不需犧牲過多的輸出功率即可提高元件的線性度。
在第三章中，我們先針對傳統的主動式電感做一簡介，之後我們利用疊接式主動電感的架構來設計並製作了一個金氧半場效電晶體主動式電感。此疊接式主動電感最大的品質係數為41而等效電感值為7.1-nH，同時此主動電感可以透過對偏壓電流的調整達到不同的等效電感值。此外，我們利用0.18微米金氧半場效電晶體製程設計並製作一新架構的主動電感。此主動電感利用一個回授電阻加入疊接式主動電感的電路中以提供更高的品質係數，此回授電阻疊接式主動電感可以產生約5.7-nH的等效電感值，而最大的品質因數為70。相較於傳統的螺旋式電感，主動式電感具有較高的品質係數與較小的面積。
在第四章的部份，則是介紹高頻訊號在矽質基板中的耦合效應的研究，包括了研究矽質基板耦合效應的測試架構，以及兩種不同的等效模型。
最後，在第五章中，根據第二章所述的高頻大訊號模型，我們分別設計了振盪器、電壓控制振盪器、功率放大器、降頻電路與射頻發射模組。在此振盪器包括兩個不同頻段的振盪器，分別是2.4-GHz與7-GHz，這兩個振盪器皆能產生-5 dBm以上的輸出功率，且振盪器的相位雜訊皆有近-100 dBc/Hz的良好結果。在電壓控制振盪器的部份，振盪訊號頻率為2.4-GHz，而可調增益為176-MHz/V。此外，我們亦設計了一操作於2.4-GHz的功率放大器，此功率放大器可以產生17.5-dBm的最大輸出功率。同時，為了瞭解該功率放大器的線性度，我們利用不同的數位調變、解調的方式來驗證其線性度的好壞。接著在第五章中，我們介紹一個2.4-GHz的降頻電路，此降頻電路包括一個增益放大器、電壓控制振盪器與一個單平衡式混波器。該電路可將2.4 GHz的射頻訊號轉換到中頻訊號，並能輸出24-dBv的電壓轉換增益。在第五章最後，我們設計了一個射頻發射模組，此模組包括一個功率放大器、增益放大器、電壓控制振盪器、被動平衡器與一個雙平衡式混波器。此一射頻發射模組是採用0.18微米金氧半場效電晶體製程所製作的，它具有10-dBm的最大輸出功率與18.5-dB的最大轉換增益，若以0-dBm為輸出功率的規格，則此一射頻發射模組具有450-MHz的頻寬。而此系統僅耗費56-mW的直流功率。

摘要(英)

ABSTRACT
With the keen competition in personal communication system market, low cost, high performance and short time-to-market are basic requirements of commercial products. Therefore, the CMOS process is becoming a popular technology using in GHz communication systems nowadays. To overcome the limitations in simulate a CMOS RF circuit, a precisely RF large-signal model is required, which can accurately predict the device’s DC and RF characteristics. In this thesis, a MOSFET RF large-signal model is proposed at first, which consists of a conventional BSIM3v3 model, and an added passive network representing the parasitic effects. This modified RF large-signal model can not only predict device’s DC and RF behaviors precisely but the power characteristics can be also predicted well. With this MOSFET RF large-signal model, different RF circuits are presented to testify the accuracy of our homemade RF large-signal model. In addition, the RF signal coupling effects in silicon substrate are also proposed.
In the chapter 2, a modified MOSFET RF large-signal model is introduced. Furthermore, a bias-controlled linearity method is introduced, which can improve device linearity without sacrificing the output power.
In the chapter 3, the active inductor structures have been introduced, and then a cascode-grounded active inductor was fabricated and characterized. It can deliver an equivalent effective inductance of 7.1-nH with a maximum quality-factor of 41. However, the effective inductance and quality-factor can be tuned by controlling the bias current. Furthermore, a novel active inductor structure with a feedback resistance applied to a cascode-grounded active inductor architecture is proposed in this chapter. The feedback resistance results in a higher effective inductance and higher quality-factor. The effective inductance, maximum quality-factor and self-resonance frequency are 5.7-nH, 70, and 2.5-GHz, respectively. Comparing the active inductor with spiral inductors, the active inductor has much higher quality-factor and smaller die size.

關鍵字(中)

★ 高頻大訊號模型
★ 微波電路
★ 金氧半場效電晶體
★ 主動式電感
★ 矽質基板耦合效應

關鍵字(英)

★ RF large-signal model
★ microwave circuit
★ CMOS
★ active inductor
★ silicon substrate coupling effect

論文目次

Abstract I
Figure captions VIII
Table captions XV
Chapter 1 Introductions 1
Chapter 2 Modified MOSFET RF Large-Signal Model
2-1. Introduction 4
2-2. Basic Principles of BSIM3 Model 5
2-2.1. Threshold Voltage 6
2-2.2. Mobility Model 7
2-2.3. Carrier Drift Velocity 8
2-2.4. Bulk Charge Effect 9
2-2.5. Strong Inversion Drain Current (Linear Region) 9
2-2.6. Strong Inversion Current and Output Resistance (Saturation Region) 11
2-2.7. Capacitance Modeling 13
2-2.8. Non-Quasi Static Model 14
2-3. RF Large-Signal Model for 0.35-mm MOSFETs 15
2-4. Improved Device Linearity by a Controlled DC Bias 30
2-5. Passive Component Models 34
2-5.1 The equivalent circuit model of spiral inductors 34
2-5.2. The capacitance model 36
2-6. Summary 36
Chapter 3 The CMOS Active Inductors
3-1. Introduction 41
3-2. Basic Concepts of Active Inductor Architectures 42
3-3. The Cascode-Grounded Active Inductor 47
3-4. The Feedback-Resistance Active Inductor Design 49
3-5. Characteristics of Feedback-Resistance Active Inductor 55
3-6. Summary 59
Chapter 4 Signal-Coupling Effect from Silicon Substrate
4-1. Introduction 60
4-2. Mechanism of Power Coupling from Silicon Substrate 61
4-3. The Power Coupling Effect Model 67
4-3.1. The Passive Component Equivalent Circuit Model for Power Coupling Effect 67
4-3.2. A Semi-Empirical Model for Power Coupling Effect 71
4-4. Summary 76
Chapter 5 CMOS RF Circuit Designs
5-1. Introduction 79
5-2. The Microwave Monolithic Oscillators 81
5-2.1. Oscillator Design and Architectures 81
5-2.2. The 2.4-GHz Monolithic CMOS Oscillators 89
5-2.3. The 7-GHz Monolithic CMOS Oscillator 91
5-2.4. The Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 93
5-3. The 2.4-GHz power amplifier 97
5-3.1. The Principle of Power Amplifier Design 97
5-3.2. The 2.4-GHz Power Amplifier Design 103
5-3.3. The Power Amplifier Measurement Results 105
5-4. The 2.4-GHz CMOS Monolithic Down-Converter 110
5-4.1. General Considerations of Transceiver 110
5-4.2. The 2.4-GHz Down-Converter Design 115
5-5. The 2.4-GHz CMOS Monolithic Transmitter 119
5-7. Summary 125
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work Suggestion 132
References 136
Publication List 141

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指導教授

詹益仁(Yi-Jen Chan)

審核日期

2002-10-7

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