時域反射儀應用於土壤含水量及地下水監測技術

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楊弘倫(Hong-Long Yang) 查詢紙本館藏

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土木工程學系

論文名稱

時域反射儀應用於土壤含水量及地下水監測技術

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摘要(中)

本文介紹使用時域反射儀(TDR)於大地工程上的應用，其原理是利用電磁波進入不同介質環境下，造成傳遞時間不同，藉此量得土壤的視介電常數值(εa)，並透過回歸分析建立與體積含水量(θ)之間關係。此外，回歸分析式加入土壤密度的探討，在工程上更具應用價值。
運用時域反射儀在不需置換端頭情況下，能同時量測得土壤的視介電常數以及導電度(EC)。TDR所預估的含水量會受到土壤的細料含量與鹽性影響，進而造成量測值高估。而導電度則為影響TDR量測土壤之視介電常數的主要因素，文中分別從理論與實驗中探討導電性對於土壤影響。
在結果方面，TDR預估含水量值方面有兩點顯示，首先，探討土壤的細料含量以及孔隙水的導電度將會造成TDR偵測到訊息的減弱；第二，具有高含水量與細料含量雙重影響下，將導致量測失其準確性。若能充分了解導電度對預估含水量的影響，有利於對於TDR量測的掌握，並且此將成為具有潛力的量測技術。
在應用方面，利用TDR系統監測並探討地下水位與海水入侵地下水所造成的土層電學性質改變，有助於發展TDR監測廢料處置場地下水及海水入侵等狀況。

摘要(英)

Time Domain reflectometry (TDR) evaluates the apparent dielectric constant, εa, of soil by measuring the travel time of an electromagnetic pulse through a sensor. Correlations between the apparent dielectric constant, εa, and the volumetric water content (θ) of soils can be established by regression.
A TDR probe is capable of measuring the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil simultaneously. Overestimate of the water content can occur to soils with high fines content and/or salinity, which exhibit high conductivity level that affects the estimate of moisture by TDR. Further, the electrical conductivity is a main factor affecting the apparent dielectric constant determined by TDR. This influence is investigated theoretically and experimentally.
There are two points for attention of measuring content water. First, the reflection of TDR becomes much reduced in soils with high fines content and high pore water conductivity, thus affects the precision in moisture determination. Therefore, a detailed evaluation of the EC on TDR measurements is required, in order to exploit the full potential of the promising TDR technique. By using soils with varying fines contents and pore water with varying concentrations in electrolyte, this study presents information in these regards.
In application aspect, utilizing the electrical responses of the TDR to monitor the groundwater level and saline water intrusion will benefit the development of the monitoring system at waste disposal sites.

關鍵字(中)

★ 時域反射儀
★ 導電度
★ 體積含水量
★ 孔隙水
★ 細料含量

關鍵字(英)

★ fines content
★ pore water
★ Time Domain reflectometry
★ volumetric water content
★ electrical conductivity

論文目次

中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅶ
圖目錄 Ⅷ
符號 XⅡ
第一章緒論
1.1 前言............................................................................................1
1.2研究動機.....................................................................................2
1.3 研究目的....................................................................................3
1.4研究架構及流程.........................................................................4
第二章文獻回顧
2.1 TDR簡介....................................................................................5
2.1.1 基本原理.........................................................................5
2.1.2 TDR組成元件介紹.........................................................6
2.2 TDR發展史..............................................................................10
2.2.1介電原理發展................................................................10
2.2.2破壞機制發展................................................................11
2.3 TDR基本電學性質..................................................................12
2.3.1特徵阻抗與反射係數....................................................13
2.3.2 TDR波形.......................................................................14
2.3.3電介質............................................................................15
2.3.4極化作用........................................................................16
2.3.5介電度............................................................................18
2.3.6介電常數........................................................................19
2.3.7視介電常數....................................................................20
2.3.8導電度............................................................................24
2.4頻率分析...................................................................................26
2.4.1頻率帶寬........................................................................26
2.4.2介電頻譜........................................................................27
2.4.3 TDR頻寬範圍...............................................................28
第三章量測含水量與導電度原理
3.1 量測含水量原理......................................................................30
3.1.1基本概念........................................................................30
3.1.2視長度探討....................................................................31
3.1.3 TDR圖形校正步驟.......................................................35
3.2導電度量測原理.......................................................................35
3.3空間影響範圍...........................................................................36
3.4 溫度影響..................................................................................38
3.5經驗式與迴歸選用...................................................................39
3.5.1多次迴歸公式................................................................39
3.5.2平方根線性迴歸公式....................................................40
3.6 TDR含水量監測系統---LTPP測站........................................41
第四章試驗儀器及程序
4.1 時域反射儀器設備..................................................................47
4.2 試體設計..................................................................................51
4.3 試驗方法..................................................................................54
4.3.1細顆粒土壤土樣............................................................54
4.3.2粗顆粒土壤土樣............................................................57
4.4 試驗步驟...................................................................................57
第五章實驗結果與分析
5.1端頭安置探討...........................................................................58
5.2電解溶液之濃度與介電常數...................................................60
5.3影響含水量迴歸模式因子探討...............................................65
5.3.1細料含量影響分析........................................................65
5.3.2含鹽分土壤影響分析....................................................75
5.4地下水監測...............................................................................78
5.4.1實驗背景........................................................................78
5.4.2模擬地下水位升高........................................................81
5.4.3海水與淡水入滲差異....................................................88
5.5模擬海水入侵地下水機制.......................................................91
第六章結論與建議
6.1結論.........................................................................................100
6.2建議.........................................................................................101
參考文獻........................................................................................................103
附錄A.............................................................................................................110
附錄B.............................................................................................................114
附錄C.............................................................................................................118
附錄D............................................................................................................120

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指導教授

黃偉慶(Wei-Hsing Huang)

審核日期

2004-7-14

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