以溴化四丁基銨鹽電解-電透析合成醋酸四丁基銨鹽及該鹽之精製

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翁郁翔(Yu-Hsiang Weng) 查詢紙本館藏

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化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

以溴化四丁基銨鹽電解-電透析合成醋酸四丁基銨鹽及該鹽之精製

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摘要(中)

摘要
本研究首先以三丁胺Bu3N與溴丁烷BuBr之季化反應，合成溴化四丁基銨鹽Bu4NBr ，由於本實驗室長期研究鹵化四丁基銨鹽之合成動力學與精製已有多篇期刊與論文出版，技術尚屬成熟，故自行合成溴化四丁基銨鹽Bu4NBr，本實驗選擇DMA當溶劑。然後選擇適當之反應莫耳比Bu3N: BuBr : DMA，反應莫耳比1:1:3.73，溫度控制在100℃，反應13小時後，冷卻析出鹽，過濾取出。濾液再加入適當溶劑利用溶解度與介電常數之不同，可在析出鹽，如此循環可將產率提高，亦得到高純度之四丁基銨鹽Bu4NBr。
故本實驗首先選擇適當之膜組，將本實驗室三種陽離子交換膜與兩種陰離子交換膜組合使用發現以nafion組合AMV最佳之電流效率，再將溴化四丁基銨鹽溶於水中製成水溶液，調配適當的濃度通入淡化室中，而陰極室通入醋酸水溶液，陽極室通入NaCl水溶液，濃縮室通入NaBr水溶液，離子交換膜以上述使用，將直流電源供應器分別裝置在陰陽極上，通電後，不使電流超過極限電流，以幫浦循環之，將實驗變因設定為，HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq) 液濃度，QAcO(aq) 液濃度，HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)流速，電流密度，電解槽隔室寬度。
電流效率與HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)液濃度，HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)流速及電流密度有關。而電壓效率與HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)的濃度、電流密度、電解槽隔室寬度有關。
再由以上實驗影響決定電解-電透析之最適合成條件。
陽極室通入NaCl水溶液1N，濃縮室通入NaBr水溶液1N，淡化室通入QBr水溶液0.6N，陰極室通入HAcO水溶液0.2N，陽極室、濃縮室與淡化室、陰極室之間以Nafion NX982TX分隔，濃縮室、淡化室之間以AMV分隔，各室的寬度皆為0.5cm，外加電流3.06A，(電流密度1.46A/dm2) ，各室流速2.3 cm/s，反應溫度25℃，將pH值控制在3.4~3.81間，電化學反應進行20小時，可在陰極室得到0.3 N的醋酸四丁基銨鹽水溶液。

關鍵字(中)

★ 醋酸四丁基銨鹽
★ 電解-電透析

關鍵字(英)

★ tetrabutylammonium acetate
★ electrodialysis-electrolysis

論文目次

目錄
摘要.............................................................................................................................I
目錄............................................................................................................................II
圖目錄.......................................................................................................................III
表目錄........................................................................................................................IV
符號說明...................................................................................................................V
第一章緒論
1-1鹵化四級銨鹽之性質.......................................................................................1
1-2鹵化四級銨鹽之合成方法.............................................................................2
1-2-1碘化四級銨鹽之合成方法....................................................................2
1-2-2氯化四級銨鹽之合成方法............................................................…...3
1-2-3其它鹵化四級銨鹽之合成方法.........................................................4
1-3鹵化四丁基銨鹽之應用...............................................................................5
. 1-3-1當相轉移催化劑.................................................................................5
1-3-2其他重要的用途.......................................................................………6
1-4電解-電透析之簡介........................................................................................7
1-4-1電透析之濃縮－淡化過程..................................................................7
1-4-2電透析之應用.........................................................................................7
1-4-3對於電解－電透析之合成..................................................................9
1-4-4季銨氫氧化物非電解－電透析之合成.........................................10
1-5本文的動機與主旨.........................................................................................12
第二章理論部分
2-1二分子親核取代反應之速率方程式…………………………………...14
2-2溶劑對季化反應之效應……………………………………………………16
2-3由阿瑞尼亞定律解釋溫度對反應速率常數之影響…………………16
2-4電解－電透析之流程........................................................................17
2-5通量方程式與電極間之電位梯度....................................................17
2-6通電初態系統之濃度分布…....................................………………20
2-7平衡極電位與電荷轉移過電程....................................................... 21
2-7-1平衡極電位...............................................................................21
2-7-2電荷轉移過電壓.......................................................................23
2-8擴散電位............................................................................................24
2-9歐姆電位降....................................................................................... 24
2-10 Donnan potential.........................................................................….25
2-11濃度偏極化......................................................................................26
2-12系統外加電壓方程式......................................................................27
2-13電流效率、電壓效率及電能消耗與無因次操作變數群之關係式
..................................................................................................…28
第三章實驗部分
3-1實驗及分析用藥品........................................................................... 33
3-2實驗裝置及分析儀器....................................................................... 34
3-2-1實驗裝置...................................................................................34
3-2-2電導度計.............................................................................…..35
3-2-3離子層析儀...............................................................................35
3-3樣品分析............................................................................................36
3-3-1電導度計的分析.......................................................................36
3-3-1.1淡化室Q+分析.................................................................36
3-3-1.2陰極室Q+分析.................................................................36
3-3-2離子層析儀(IC)之校正曲線及樣品分析..............................37
3-4實驗步驟........................................................................................... 38
3-4-0溴化四丁基銨鹽的製備...........................................................38
3-4-1 膜組的選擇………………………………………………….39
3-4-2醋酸溶液，醋酸四丁基銨溶液與醋酸醋酸四丁基銨混合溶液導電度與pH值的測定………………………………………39
3-4-3極限電流密度的測定.............................................................…40
3-4-4 HAcO(aq)濃度對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響.......40
3-4-5 QBr(aq)濃度對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響......…41
3-4-6電流密度對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響......……41
3-4-7 HAcO(aq)流速對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之響.....…..41
3-4-8 QBr(aq)流速對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響.....…42
3-4-9電解槽隔室寬度對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響
..............................................................................................…42
3-4-10 QAcO(aq) 濃度對電能消耗、電流效率及電壓效率之影響..43
第四章結果與討論
4-1膜組的選擇…………………………………………………………44
4-2醋酸溶液，醋酸四丁基銨溶液與醋酸醋酸四丁基銨混合溶液導電度與pH值的測定…………………………………………………..44
4-2極限電流密度之測定......................................................................45
4-3 HAcO(aq)濃度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響............45
4-4 QBr(aq)濃度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響...........…46
4-5 HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)濃度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗影響之比較
......................................................................................................….47
4-6電流密度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能效率消耗之影響..........48
4-7 HAcO(aq)流速對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響........….49 4-8 QBr(aq流速對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響................50
4-9 HAcO(aq)、QBr(aq)流速對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之較.....50.
4-10電解槽隔室寬度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響........51
4-11 QAcO(aq)濃度對電流效率、電壓效率、電能消耗之影響..........…52
4-12電流效率及電壓效率與無因次操作變數群之關係式..................53
4-13電解-電透析之最適條件………………………………………….55
第五章結論.....................................................................................…86
參考文獻..................................................................................................89
附錄......................................................................................................…97

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指導教授

王天財(Ten-Tsai Wang)

審核日期

2004-7-15

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