應用於MPEG-4即時視訊平台中以線性模型為基礎的可調適性速率控制機制

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：7

、訪客IP：3.146.221.32

姓名

張中原(Chung-Yuan Chang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

資訊工程學系

論文名稱

應用於MPEG-4即時視訊平台中以線性模型為基礎的可調適性速率控制機制
(SARS : A Linear Source Model Based Adaptive Rate Control Scheme for TCP-friendly Real-time MPEG-4 Video Streaming)

相關論文

★ 具多重樹狀結構之可靠性群播傳輸	★ 在嵌入式行動裝置上設計與開發跨平台Widget
★ 在 ARM 架構之嵌入式系統上實作輕量化的手持多媒體播放裝置圖形使用者介面函式庫	★ 基於網路行動裝置所設計可擴展的服務品質感知GStreamer模組
★ 針對行動網路裝置開發可擴展且跨平台之GSM/HSDPA引擎	★ 於單晶片多媒體裝置進行有效率之多格式解碼管理
★ IMS客戶端設計與即時通訊模組研發：個人資訊交換模組與即時訊息模組實作	★ 在可攜式多媒體裝置上實作人性化的嵌入式小螢幕網頁瀏覽器
★ 以IMS為基礎之及時語音影像通話引擎的實作:使用開放原始碼程式庫	★ 電子書嵌入式開發: 客制化下載服務實作, 資料儲存管理設計
★ 於數位機上盒實現有效率訊框參照處理與多媒體詮釋資料感知的播放器設計	★ 具數位安全性的電子書開發：有效率的更新模組與資料庫實作
★ 適用於異質無線寬頻系統的新世代IMS客戶端軟體研發	★ 在可攜式數位機上盒上設計並實作重配置的圖形使用者介面
★ Friendly GUI design and possibility support for E-book Reader based Android client	★ Effective GUI Design and Memory Usage Management for Android-based Services

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

隨著在Internet上或者無線網路中提供視訊串流服務的需求量大增，一個可以幫助視訊串流服務適合於隨時在變動的可用頻寬現制下的可調適性速率控制機制必須要被發展設計出來。隨時在變動的可用頻寬和視訊串流在網路上傳送的延遲時間讓即時視訊串流服務難以達到很高的頻寬使用率，並且也無法提供好的視訊品質給收看的使用者。MPEG-4是目前最被廣為接受採用的一個視訊串流的標準格式，而一個採用MPEG-4來作為視訊編碼解決方案的即時視訊串流系統中必須要提供一個能夠調整視訊壓縮位元率的控制機制來適應這個隨時隨地在改變的網路狀態。
在這篇論文中，我們分析了當一個即時視訊串流服務傳送端採用了TCP-friendly的傳輸協定在Internet中傳送MPEG-4視訊時所產生的問題。而這篇論文主要著重在提供軟體層和壓縮層上問題的解決方案。根據這樣的目標，我們提供了一套解決方案叫做SARS。SARS是一個具有平滑而且可調適性的速率控制機制，而且它包含了三個主要的元件，分別為TFRS模組、LD模組和RSF模組。TFRS模組提供了視訊壓縮時比較平滑的速率，讓產生的視訊畫面間的畫質變動比較小，提供比較平滑的畫質。LD模組可以幫助視訊壓縮時讓壓縮位元率逼近它的目標位元率來減少傳送的延遲時間。RSF模組則提供了一個可調適性的速率控制機制，根據變動的頻寬來分配目標位元率，並且降低了被略過的畫面數目。最後，我們評估了SARS在做CBR和VBR壓縮時的效能，並且也針對不同的TCP-friendly傳輸協定進行模擬實驗。

摘要(英)

The increasing demand for streaming video applications on the Internet
or wireless motivates the problem of building an adaptive rate control
scheme which is adapted to the time-varying network condition.
The time-varying available bandwidth and latency make the real-time
streaming applications difficult to achieve high bandwidth utilization
and video playout rate at receivers. MPEG-4 is now a widely accepted
standard streaming format and a video streaming system which encodes
the video sequence with MPEG-4 should provide an adaptive
rate control mechanism to adapt to these changing conditions.
In this thesis we analyze the problem of transmitting MPEG-4
video over IP when senders use a TCP-friendly rate control protocol.
This thesis is focused on solving the challenging issues in application
layer, compression layer. With this aim, we provide a solution called
”SARS” (Smoothed and Adaptive Rate-control Scheme) in compression
layer and application layer for an MPEG-4 video transmission
system and discuss the characteristics of each its elements. The
SARS contains three main components, including TFRS module, LD
module, and RSF module. The TFRS module provides a smoothed
rate and helps the video encoder to generate smoothed video quality.
The LD module helps the video encoder to meet its target closer
and lowers the transmitting delay. The RSF module provides an
adaptive rate control scheme, reduces the number of skipped frames,
and makes a smoother presentation. The overall performance of
SARS will be evaluated in the CBR scenarios or VBR scenarios.
We also evaluate the performance of SARS over several rate
based congestion control protocols such as RAP, TFRC and TMRC.

關鍵字(中)

★ 即時MPEG-4視訊
★ 可調適性速率控制
★ 線性模型

關鍵字(英)

★ Real-time MPEG-4 Video
★ Adaptive Rate Control
★ Linear Source Model

論文目次

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Real-time Video Streaming over the Internet . . . . . . 1
1.2 An End-to-End Real-time Video Streaming System . . 5
1.2.1 Transport Layer Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Compression Layer Approaches . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Goals of This Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Related Work 13
2.1 MPEG-4 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Structure of The MPEG-4 Video Encoder . . . 14
2.1.2 MPEG-4 Fine-Granular Scalability . . . . . . . 20
v
2.2 MPEG-4 Video Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 Researches on Source Model for Video Coding . 23
2.2.2 Researches on Rate Control for Video Coding . 26
2.3 Congestion Control in Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1 AIMD Based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Equation Based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Motivation on The Proposed Rate Control Scheme . . 31
3 SARS : Smoothed and Adaptive Rate-control Scheme 34
3.1 Overview of The System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Bandwidth Adaptation: TCP-friendly Rate Control . . 35
3.3 TFRS Module : TCP-friendly Rate Smoother with
Memory Wiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 LD Module : Linear Source Model for MPEG-4 Video
Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 Problem: Meet Target Bit Rate . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.2 Statistical Properties of Video Source . . . . . . 41
3.4.2.1 The Analysis of Coding Bit Rate vs.
Quantization Parameter . . . . . . . . 43
vi
3.4.2.2 The Analysis of Coding Bit Rate vs.
DCT coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4.3 The Linear Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4.3.1 Construction of Linear Source Model . 51
3.4.3.2 Adaptive Estimation of The Model
Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5 RSF Module : Reduced Skipped Frames and Adaptive
Rate Control Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.1 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5.2 GOP-Layer Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5.3 Pre-Encoding Stage of Frame-Layer Rate Control 58
3.5.4 Macroblock-Layer Rate Control . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.5 Post-Encoding Stage of Frame-Layer Rate Control 65
4 Experimental Results 67
4.1 Performance Evaluation of SARS under CBR and VBR 68
4.1.1 CBR: 768Kbps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.2 CBR: 512Kbps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.3 CBR: 256Kbps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.4 VBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
vii
4.1.5 Summary of The Experimental Results . . . . . 79
4.2 Performance Evaluation of SARS Over Rate Based
Congestion Control Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.1 Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.2 2 TCP vs 2 Rate-Based Congestion Control Protocols
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 2 TCP vs 2 Rate-Based Congestion Control Protocols
with 4 TCP Competing during 20s and 80s 89
5 Conclusion and Future Work 95
List of References 98
Appendix A Fluid-flow traffic model 104

參考文獻

[1] H. Shojania and B. Li, “Experiences with mpeg-4 multimedia
streaming.” ACM Multimedia, pp. 492-494, 2001.
[2] B. Braden, D. Clark, J. Crowcroft, B. Davie, S. Deering, D. Estrin,
S. Floyd, V. Jacobson, G. Minshall, C. Partridge, L. Peterson,
K. Ramakrishnan, S. Shenker, J. Wroclawski, and L. Zhang,
“Recommendations on queue management and congestion avoidance
in the internet,” RFC 2309, Informational, Apr. 1998.
[3] D. Wu, Y. T. Hou, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Transporting real-time
video over the internet: Challenges and approaches.” Proc. IEEE,
vol. 88, pp. 1855-1877, Dec. 2000.
[4] R. Braden, D. Clark, and S. Shenker, “Integrated services in the
internet architecture: an overview,” RFC 1633, Jun. 1994.
[5] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and
W. Weiss, “An architecture for differentiated services,” RFC
2475, IETF, Dec. 1998.
[6] H.-J. Lee, T. Chiang, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Scalable rate control for
mpeg-4 video.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol.
10, pp. 878-894, Sep. 2000.
[7] G. Carle and E. W. Biersack, “Survey of error recovery techniques
for ip-based audio-visual multicast applications.” IEEE
Networks, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 24-36, Nov. 1997.
[8] U. Horn, M. L. Klaus Stuhlm¨uller, and B. Girod, “Robust internet
video transmission based on scalable coding and unequal error
98
protection,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol.15,
no. 1-2, pp. 77-94, Sept. 1999.
[9] Q. Zhang, W. Zhu, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Resource allocation for
multimedia streaming over the internet,” IEEE Trans. Multimedia,
vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 339-355, Sept. 2001.
[10] C.-H. Wang, R.-I. Chang, J.-M. Ho, and S.-C. Hsu, “Ratesensitive
arq for real-time video streaming,” in Proc. GLOBECOM’
03, San Francisco, USA, Dec. 2003.
[11] L. Chiariglione, “Mpeg-4 faqs,” Technical report, ISO/IEQ
JTC1/SC29/WG11, Jul. 1997.
[12] “Overview of the mpeg-4 standard,” Doc. ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11, N4668, Mar. 2002.
[13] “Information technology - coding of audiovisual objects - part 2:
Visual,” Doc. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, N2502, FDIS 14496-
2.
[14] MPEG Homepage, http://www.cselt.it/mpeg/.
[15] MPEG-4 Video, Proposed Draft Amendment (PDAM), ISO/IEC
FGS v.4.0 14496-2, Mar. 2000.
[16] Z. G. Li, C. Zhu, N. Ling, X. K. Yang, G. N. Feng, S. Wu,
and F. Pan, “A unified architecture for real-time video-coding
systems.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol 13, pp.
472-487, Jun. 2003.
[17] H. Radha, Y. Chen, K. Parthasarathy, and R. Cohen, “Scalable
99
interenet video using mpeg-4.” Signal Processing: Image Commun.,
no. 15, pp. 95-126, Sept. 1999.
[18] H. Radha and Y. Chen, “Fine-granular-scalable video for packet
networks.” Packet Video, Arp. 1999.
[19] S. Nelakuditi, R. R. Harinath, E. Kusmierek, and Z.-L. Zhang,
“Providing smoother quality layered video stream,” in Proc. of
NOSSDAV’00, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Jun. 2000.
[20] P. de Cuetos and K. Ross, “Adaptive rate control for streaming
stored fine-grained scalable video,” in Proc. of NOSSDAV’02, pp.
3-12, Miami, Florida, May 2002.
[21] P. de Cuetos, P. Guillotel, K. Ross, and D. Thoreau, “Implementation
of adaptive streaming of stored mpeg-4 fgs video over tcp,”
in Proc. of ICME’02, pp. 405-408, Lausanne, Switzerland, Aug.
2002.
[22] L. Zhao, J. Kim, and C.-C. J. Kuo, “Mpeg-4 fgs video streaming
with constant-quality rate control and differentiated forwarding,”
in Proc. VCIP’02, San Jose, CA, Jan. 2002.
[23] D. T. Hoang and J. S. Vitter, “Efficient algorithm for mpeg video
compression,” Wiley-Interscience Inc. Sep. 2001.
[24] W. Ding and B. Liu, “Rate control of mpeg video coding and
recording by rate-quantization modeling.” IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. Video Technol., vol 6, pp. 12-20, Feb. 1996.
[25] H.-M. Hang and J.-J. Chen, “Source model for tranform video
coder and its application - part i: Fundamental theory.” IEEE
100
Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol 7, pp. 287-298, Apr.
1997.
[26] B. Tao, B. Dickson, and H. Peterson, “Adaptive model-driven bit
allocation for mpeg video coding.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol. 10, pp. 147-157, Feb. 2000.
[27] T. Chiang and Y.-Q. Zhang, “A new rate control scheme using
quadratic rate distortion model.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol 7, pp. 246-250, Feb. 1997.
[28] J. Ribas-Corbera and S. Lei, “Rate control in dct video coding
for low-delay communications.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video
Technol., vol. 9, pp. 172-185, Feb. 1999.
[29] J. Ribas-Corbera and S. Lei, “A frame-layer bit allocation for
h.263+.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 10, pp.
1154-1158, Oct. 2000.
[30] Z. Lei and N. D. Georganas, “Rate adaptaion transcoding for
precoded video streams,” in Proc. ACM Multimedia’02, Juanles-
Pins, France, Dec. 2002.
[31] Z. Li, N. Ling, G. N. Feng, F. Pan, K. P. Lim, and S. Wu, “Adaptive
rate control for real time video coding process,” in Proc.
DCV’02, Clearwater, Florida, Nov. 2002.
[32] Z. He, Y.-K. Kim, and S. K. Mitra, “Low-delay rate control for
dct video coding via -doamin source modeling.” IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol 11, pp. 928-940, Aug. 2001.
101
[33] Z. He and S. K. Mitra, “A linear source model and a unified rate
control algorithm for dct video coding.” IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. Video Technol., vol 12, pp. 970-982, Nov. 2002.
[34] A. Vetro, H. Sun, and Y.Wang, “Mpeg-4 rate control for multiple
video objects.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol.
9, pp. 186-199, Feb. 1999.
[35] Video Group, MPEG-4 Video Verification Model Version 18.0,
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, N4350, Jul. 2001.
[36] F. Pan, Z. Li, K. Lim, and G. Feng, “Reducing frame skipping
in mpeg-4 rate control scheme.” in Proc. ICASSP 2002, vol. 4,
pp.3409-3412, Orlando, FL, May 13-17 2002.
[37] F. Pan, Z. Li, K. Lim, and G. Feng, “A study of mpeg-4 rate control
scheme and its improvements.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol 13, pp. 440-446, May. 2003.
[38] Y. R. Yand and S. S. Lam, “General aimd congestion control,”
in Proc. ICNP 2000, Osaka, Japan, Nov. 2000.
[39] D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, “Binomial congestion control
algorithms,” in Proc. INFOCOM’01, Apr. 2001.
[40] R. Rejaie, M. Handley, and D. Estrin, “Rap: An end-to-end ratebased
congestion control mechanism for realtime streams in the
internet,” in Proc. INFOCOM’99, New York, Mar. 1999.
[41] I. Rhee, V. Ozdemir, and Y. Yi, “Tear: Tcp emulation at receiver
- flow control for multimedia streaming,” NCSU Technical
Report, Apr. 2000.
102
[42] S. Floyd, M. Handley, J. Padhye, and J. Widmer, “Equationbased
congestion control for unicast applications.” in Proc. ACM
SIGCOMM Symposium on Communications Architecture and
Protocols, Aug. 2000.
[43] W. Tseng, E. Wu, and K. Chang, “Tmrc: A load-adaptive tcpfriendly
rate control protocol for real-time multimedia applications,”
Appear on Proc. on IEEE ICC 2004.
[44] R. Puri, K.-W. Lee, K. Ramchandran, and V. Bharghavan, “An
integrated source transcoding and congestion control paradigm
for video streaming in the internet.” IEEE Trans. Multimedia,
vol. 3, pp. 18-32, Mar. 2001.
[45] S. Jin, L. Guo, I. Matta, and A. Bestavros, “A spectrum
of tcp-friendly window-based congestion control algorithms.”
IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 11, pp. 341-355, Jun. 2003.
[46] S. A. Winder, “Iso/iec 14496 (mpeg-4) video reference software,”
Microsoft-FDAM1-2.4-021205.
[47] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.

指導教授

吳曉光(Eric Hsiao-Kuang Wu)

審核日期

2004-7-11

推文