利用稻殼酸水解液生產生物絮凝劑-Schizophyllan glucan之研究

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許惠如(Hui-ju Hsu) 查詢紙本館藏

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化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

利用稻殼酸水解液生產生物絮凝劑-Schizophyllan glucan之研究
(Production of bioflocculant-schizophyllan glucan by Schizophyllum commune from hydrolysate of rice hull)

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摘要(中)

根據本研究實驗結果顯示，裂褶菌可有效利用木糖生產裂褶菌多糖體(schizophyllan glucan，SPG)，且由組成分析比較可證明，即便以木糖作為培養基主要碳源，仍可產生組成比例與以葡萄糖為碳源相似的SPG，甚至在大分子量SPG分佈上也與葡萄糖培養結果相似約1000kDa左右。但若培養基中亦含有等比例的葡萄糖存在則會出現木糖利用率明顯降低與多糖產量降低之現象。
由於葡萄糖存在會抑制木糖發酵結果表現。因此，若欲以稻殼酸水解液作為替代碳源生產SPG，合適水解條件之選擇極為重要。而於本研究實驗過程發現，最適水解條件為:固液比10％(1:9)；酸劑濃度1％(10 g/L) H2SO4；水解時間60min；水解溫度121℃；操作壓力1.2atm。而稻殼經此水解條件處理後，水解液中還原糖濃度經層析分析再與Mansilla等(1998)所提出的稻殼組成結果相比，可推測本研究所提之最佳水解條件應可將稻殼中聚戊糖成份接近100％完全水解成小分子糖類以供發酵使用。
因為水解過程中所衍生的抑制副產物，如：HMF、furfural、醋酸等，被文獻指出對微生物生長是有抑制作用，故在本研究也針對這些抑制物以各別添加與混合添加方式作比較。實驗結果發現，不論在菌體生長或多糖產量影響上，三者中以furfural之抑制表現最明顯，甚至當添加濃度達2.0g/L即出現完全抑制發酵進行現象。雖然，醋酸在添加濃度超過2.0g/L時也有抑制發酵表現之結果，但當添加濃度低於1.0g/L時則可明顯提高SPG產量，此時菌絲型態也與無醋酸添加有明顯不同。由於有研究提出，培養環境pH會影響醋酸對微生物之抑制作用，因此本研究也詳細比較不同初始pH環境下，醋酸對裂褶菌生產SPG之影響。另外，本研究也針對高醋酸(2.0g/L)培養環境下，比較初始pH＝4.5與6.5對發酵之影響，於實驗過程中可觀察到，在初始pH=4.5操作條件下，於發酵初期，添加醋酸者其木糖消耗量明顯低於未添加醋酸之實驗。而透過醋酸濃度分析變化可發現，於發酵前期醋酸相較於木糖有較顯著的濃度下降現象，且隨著醋酸濃度降低，此時由層析圖中可看出，fumaric acid 隨之增加，甚至溶液pH也隨之提高至6左右。然而，初始pH=6.5並無出現木糖發酵前期使用緩慢的狀況，且在菌體產量上也與未添加醋酸之對照組相同。
此外，本研究也針對鹼中和劑之選擇與鹼劑金屬離子對發酵之影響深入探討比較。同時，本研究亦將文獻普遍使用移除酸水解液抑制物之方法（如：overliming與活性碳吸附）作比較，並針對抑制物移除效率與還原糖損失作深入探討。同時決定最適稻殼酸水解液之處理方式。實驗結果顯示，以Ca(OH)2 作為鹼中和劑，在於低pH環境中以活性碳粉末吸附移除furfural與色素，再將培養pH由4.5提高至6.5，並配合適當稀釋方式降低酸水解液之滲透壓與醋酸濃度，可有效將SPG產量明顯提高至約2.24g/L，而此產量約為一般培養基（葡萄糖為碳源）的1.5倍左右。因此，本論文認為經過最適處理後之稻殼酸水解液應可有效取代葡萄糖作為SPG發酵所需碳源來源。
最後，本研究也針對所產生的SPG之絮凝活性做比較，探討不同添加濃度與操作環境溫度及環境pH值對SPG絮凝活性影響。實驗結果顯示，在操作環境溫度控制在0～50℃，pH低於12皆可不影響SPG對皂土之絮凝活性表現，皆可達80﹪以上。另外，由於SPG之絮凝作用根據文獻指出主要以賴吸附與架橋機制達到降低水中濁度之目的，因此分子量大小對活性影響極大，而多糖體分子量分佈根據（許，95）指出與培養條件有極大相關，所以在本研究中也將比較不同培養條件對SPG平均分子量與分子量分佈之影響。

摘要(英)

Schizophyllan glucan (SPG) could be used as biodegradable bioflocculant proved by Ferretti et al.(2003). But, SPG has failed in some areas of application to supplant conventional chemical flocculants due to its relatively high production costs. Thus, using low-cost substrate for SPG production would be economical attractive. The objective of this study was to develop a fermentation process for the bioflocculant SPG production from agricultural waste such as rice hulls.
Results indicated that biomass from the untreated rice hulls reached only 0.54 g/L which was relatively poor as compared to those using glucose, currently the primary source for SPG, as carbon sources. Similar observation was reported that the corn fiber without suitable pretreatment could not be utilized by S. commune (Leathers et al.，2006). The results imply that effective pretreatment of rice hulls is crucial to successfully convert its carbohydrates for SPG production. In our study, an optimal pretreatment conditions was found to be 10% solids content with addition of 1% sulfuric acid and treatment time of 60 min at 121℃, in which 28g/L monosaccharide was released. And, xylose was the major sugar present in the hydrolysate. Although, both cell yield (YX/S) and product yield (YP/S) increased slightly as glucose was replaced by xylose, poor fermentation performance from crude hemicellulosic hydrolysate, when compared to those from synthetic medium. These results imply that some inhibitory components were present in rice hull hydrolysate and accounted for the poor fermentation performance of S. commune.
Iin order to utilize rice hull hydrolysate more effectively for SPG production, this research carries on the discussion with the inhibitor tolerance ability of S.commune, both the effects of detoxification methods on the inhibitors remove ability and fermentation, and the flocculation activity of SPG.
The experimental result shows, S. commune has a low tolerance to furfural as compared with HMF and acetic acid. No apparent cell growth was observed while 2.0g/L of furfural was added. Although HMF had a little influence on cellular biomass formation, it had a significant influence on SPG fermentation. When HMF was added to 2.0g/L, the relative SPG formation decreased to 43％ of the control run. Acetic acid had a less inhibitory influence on SPG fermentation by S.commune, as compared with furfural and HMF. Moreover, the medium supplemented with 0.5g/L acetic acid, both xylose utilization and product yield were enhanced. Additionally, among all salt ions tested, sodium ions showed the maximum inhibitory effect toward SPG production, but calcium ions showed the minimum inhibitory influence. Based on the results of inhibitor supplementation, detoxification of rice hull hydrolysate using Ca(OH)2 to adjust pH and powered activated charcoal to remove furfural and HMF were adopted. The SPG product yield (YP/S) from the detoxificated hydrolysate was two folds of that of the hydrolysate without detoxification.
We further demonstrated that acetic acid inhibition could be alleviated to some extend by pH adjustment to pH=6.5.

關鍵字(中)

★ 發酵培養
★ 生物界面活性劑
★ 生物絮凝劑
★ 裂褶菌
★ 多糖

關鍵字(英)

★ biosurfactant
★ bioflocculation
★ polysaccharide
★ Schizophyllum commune
★ fermentation

論文目次

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
目錄 VI
圖目錄 XI
表目錄 XIV
第一章緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
1-3 本文大綱 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2-1 高濁度水之處理方法 3
2-2 絮凝劑種類 4
2-2-1 無機絮凝劑 4
2-2-2 有機合成高分子絮凝劑 4
2-2-3 天然高分子絮凝劑 7
2-3 微生物絮凝劑（胡與高，微生物絮凝劑） 9
2-3-1 微生物絮凝劑的定義 10
2-3-2 微生物絮凝劑之特點 10
2-3-3 微生物絮凝劑的來源 11
2-3-4 微生物絮凝劑的組成 12
2-3-5 微生物絮凝劑量產應用所需解決之問題 12
2-4 真菌多糖 15
2-5 裂褶菌多糖（Schizophyllan glucan，SPG） 18
2-6 裂褶菌菌種簡介與SPG特性概述 18
2-6-1 菌種型態與特徵簡介 18
2-6-2 裂褶菌多糖（SPG）的化學結構與特性 20
2-7 深層液態發酵培養 22
2-7-1 提升SPG產量之相關研究 23
2-7-2 替代碳源尋找之必要性 23
2-8 替代碳源 24
2-8-1 農業廢棄物種類 24
2-8-2 農業廢棄物中木質纖維素組成比例比較 26
2-8-3 稻殼（rice hull）（周，台灣農家要覽） 27
2-8-4 稻殼的化學分析 28
2-9 木質纖維素之前處理 29
2-9-1 前處理方法 30
2-9-2 酸水解法 32
2-9-3 酸水解液中副產物的衍生機制 33
2-9-4 酸水解副產物對微生物發酵之影響 34
2-9-5 有害物質去除方法 34
2-10 木糖與葡萄糖代謝途徑比較 38
第三章、實驗材料與方法及稻殼水解條件探討 40
3-1 實驗材料 40
3-1-1 實驗菌株 40
3-1-2 實驗藥品 40
3-1-3 實驗儀器及其他設備 41
3-1-4 實驗裝置 43
3-2 實驗流程設計 44
3-3 實驗方法 45
3-3-1 菌種保存及培養方法 45
3-3-2 發酵試驗操作條件 47
3-4 分析方法 48
3-4-1 發酵液處理流程圖 48
3-4-2 菌重分析 49
3-4-3 還原糖殘量分析 49
3-4-4 SPG濃度分析 51
3-4-5 SPG分子量測定（gel permeation chromatography：GPC） 52
3-4-6 SPG單糖組成分析 52
3-4-7 酸水解液中有害物質（HMF、furfural、醋酸）含量分析 52
3-5 葡萄糖與木糖分析條件與結果 59
3-6 SPG絮凝活性分析 61
第四章探討S. commune利用農業廢棄物作為替代碳源之可行性 63
4-1前言 63
4-2實驗設計 63
4-2-1 稻殼直接應用可行性實驗 63
4-2-2不同單糖種類對S. commune生產SPG之影響 64
4-2-3 比較五碳糖與六碳糖對S. commune生產SPG之影響 64
4-3 結果與討論 64
4-3-1 稻殼直接應用之可行性 64
4-3-2 不同單糖種類對S. commune生產SPG之影響 65
4-3-3 葡萄糖與xylose為碳源之動力曲線圖 66
4-3-4 發酵結果統計 69
4-4 結論 70
第五章探討水解條件對HMF、furfural 、醋酸與還原糖濃度之影響 71
5-1 前言 71
5-2 實驗設計 71
5-2-1 固液比 71
5-2-2 酸劑濃度與種類 71
5-2-3 水解時間 71
5-2-4 顆粒大小 71
5-2-5 分析方法 72
5-3 結果與討論 72
5-3-1固液比對還原糖轉換與抑制物產生量之影響 72
5-3-2 酸劑濃度與種類對還原糖轉換與抑制物產生量之影響 73
5-3-3 水解時間對還原糖轉換與抑制物產生量之影響 74
5-3-4 顆粒大小之影響對還原糖轉換之影響 75
5-3-5 最適水解操作條件所得稻殼酸水解液還原糖成份分析 76
5-3-6 最適水解操作條件所得酸水解液中還原糖與抑制物含量分析 77
5-4 結論 78
第六章探討鹼中和劑的選擇對S.commune生長及代謝之影響 79
6-1 前言 79
6-2 實驗設計 80
6-2-1 不同金屬離子鹽類之濃度效應 80
6-2-2鹼中和劑選擇對S. commune利用酸水解液生產SPG影響 80
6-2-3 分析方法與數據表示 80
6-3 結果與討論 80
6-3-1鹽類添加對菌絲型態之影響 80
6-3-2 不同金屬鹽濃度添加對菌體生成量之影響 84
6-3-3 不同金屬鹽濃度添加對木糖消耗量之影響 86
6-3-4 不同金屬鹽濃度添加對SPG產量之影響 87
6-3-5 探討不同金屬鹽濃度添加對菌體轉化率（YX/S）與產物轉化率（YP/S）之影響 87
6-3-6鹼中和劑選擇對S. commune利用酸水解液生產SPG影響 89
6-4 結論 89
第七章探討酸水解過程所衍生的副產物對S. commune 生長代謝之影響 91
7-1 前言 91
7-2 實驗設計 92
7-2-1 HMF、furfural及醋酸個別添加對S.commune生長及代謝之影響 92
7-2-2 酸水解液與對照組實驗比較 92
7-2-3 HMF、furfural、acetic acid同時添加對菌體生長之影響 92
7-2-4 模擬酸水解液中有害物質實際濃度對S.commune生長之影響 92
7-2-5數據表示 93
7-3 結果與討論 93
7-3-1 添加不同濃度HMF 、furfural與醋酸對S. commune生長之影響 93
7-3-2 添加不同濃度HMF 、furfural與醋酸對S. commune基質消耗之影響 94
7-3-3添加不同濃度HMF 、furfural與醋酸對SPG產生量之影響 95
7-3-4 Furfural添加對菌體與產物轉化率之影響 97
7-3-5 HMF添加對菌體與產物轉化率之影響 98
7-3-6 醋酸添加對菌體與產物轉化率之影響 98
7-3-7 酸水解液與對照組實驗結果比較 99
7-3-8 HMF、furfural、acetic acid同時添加對菌體生長與SPG產量之影響 100
7-3-9 模擬稻殼酸水解液中抑制物含量對S.commune菌體型態之影響 102
7-3-10模擬酸水解液中有害物質濃度對S.commune生長之影響 103
7-3-11模擬酸水解液中有害物質濃度對SPG產量之影響 106
7-4 結論 107
第八章探討醋酸於不同初始pH培養環境中對S. commune生長及代謝之影響 108
8-1 前言 108
8-2 實驗設計 109
8-2-1 醋酸添加對菌體型態之影響 109
8-2-2不同初始pH對S.commune耐醋酸能力之探討 109
8-2-3 醋酸（2.0g/L）添加對S.commune於初始pH4.5與6.5之生長及代謝影響 109
8-3 結果與討論 109
8-3-1醋酸添加對菌體型態之影響 110
8-3-2不同初始pH對S.commune耐醋酸能力之影響 115
8-3-3醋酸（2.0g/L）添加對S.commune於初始pH4.5與6.5之生長影響 116
8-4 結論 123
第九章活性碳吸附法與Over-liming對抑制物去除效果比較 127
9 -1 前言 127
9-2 實驗設計 127
9-3 結果與討論 128
9-3-1 醋酸移除成效比較 128
9-3-2活性碳吸附與over-liming處理法對furfural移除效果之比較 129
9-3-3活性碳吸附與over-liming處理法對HMF移除效果之比較 130
9-3-4活性碳吸附與over-liming處理法對殘糖濃度之損失比較 131
9-3-5比較不同鹼中和劑於移除抑制物程序中對酸水解液中離子濃度之影響 132
9-4 結論 133
第十章稻殼酸水解液抑制物處理前後之發酵結果比較 135
10-1 前言 135
10-2 實驗設計 135
10-2-1 活性碳吸附與鹼中和劑改變對發酵結果之影響 135
10-2-2 不同初始pH對酸水解液發酵之影響 135
10-2-3 分析方法 136
10-3 結果與討論 136
10-3-1活性碳吸附與鹼中和劑改變對發酵結果之影響 136
10-3-2不同初始pH對酸水解液發酵之影響 139
10-4 結論 140
第十一章發酵條件對SPG分子量之影響與SPG絮凝活性分析 144
11-1前言 144
11-2 實驗設計 145
11-2-1 木糖為碳源對SPG性質之影響 145
11-2-2 醋酸添加與不同鹽離子添加對SPG平均分子量與分佈之影響 145
11-2-3 絮凝效率 145
11-3 結果與討論 145
11-3-1木糖為碳源對SPG性質之影響 145
11-3-2醋酸添加於初始pH4.5與6.5培養條件下對SPG平均分子量與分佈之影響 148
11-3-3 不同金屬鹽類添加對SPG分子量分佈之影響 150
11-3-4 SPG添加濃度對絮凝效率之影響 150
11-3-5 環境pH對SPG絮凝效率之影響 151
11-3-6 環境溫度對SPG絮凝效率之影響 154
11-4 結論 155
第十二章總結論與建議 156
12-1 總結論 156
12-2未來建議： 157
參考文獻 158
附註一 176

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指導教授

徐敬衡(Chin-hang Shu)

審核日期

2011-1-26

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