博碩士論文 92443005 詳細資訊



以作者查詢圖書館館藏 、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 、以作者查詢全國書目 、勘誤回報 、線上人數：10 、訪客IP：18.217.220.114
姓名 王嘉珍(Chia-chen Wang)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 資訊管理學系
論文名稱 知識團隊之成員多樣化與團隊績效之研究—團隊認知及知識整合之中介效果
(A Study on the Role of Team Member Diversity on Team Performance — The Mediating Roles of Team Cognition and Knowledge Integration)
相關論文
★ 製藥業的成本會計評估研究─ 一個ABC成本制度的應用★ 一個保險業的資料採擷應用--業務員的薪酬制度分析
★ 農漁產品電子化交易中分類分級管理之研究★ 應用類神經網路建構壽險核保決策支援之研究
★ 企業導入ERP之關鍵成功因素-個案研究★ 體外診斷醫療器材滿足CE及GMP驗證要求之個案研
★ 企業資訊系統委外研究－以個案銀行為例★ DRAM月平均價格變動分析
★ 定期航運產業運價及運送時間對經營績效影響之研究-以某外商海運公司在台灣經營為例★ 以交通儲值卡作為電子支付工具的營運模式及可行性分析
★ 軟體公司能力成熟度評估★ 加速台灣海關的通關便捷化－提升行動化服務的解決方案
★ 以均勻度係數為預測晶圓良率指標之可行性分析-以國內某DRAM廠為例★ 某公司資訊部門變革失敗之探討
★ 資訊部門導入ITIL 管理機制之現況分析─ 以企業導入ITIL 服務支援為例★ 導入WCO SAFE 優質企業之可行性分析–以A航空公司為例
檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   [檢視]  [下載]
  1. 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
  2. 已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
  3. 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中) 隨著知識經濟時代的來臨，與全球化競爭的日益激烈，企業所面對的產業環境已完全不同。為了因應快速變遷的環境與需求，資訊與知識的應用，成了企業活動中，不可或缺的要角。在過去的研究中，學者們亦將知識視為組織最重要的資源之一，而知識的應用與吸收能力，也就成了組織最重要的能力。另一方面，團隊是組織用以面對外在激烈競爭的一個機制，其結合了擁有不同知識廣度與深度的人員，透過人員間知識的整合與協同合作，提升任務完成的效益及效率。包括了新產品開發、顧問、資訊系統開發等工作，都需要來自不同功能部門的知識，這也促成了跨功能團隊的形成。這些跨功能團隊的成員，存在更高的異質性。這些背景、經驗、專長等各不相同的成員，對於任務的認知往往也存在差異，如何促成這些人的合作，以發揮一加一大於二的效益，也就成了另一個組織必須考量的重要課題。
本研究即以組織內的知識工作團隊作為研究對象，探討團隊成員多樣化與團隊績效的關係。首先，多樣化的成員間必須建立一致的團隊認知，包括對成員彼此專業知識的認知，以及如何完成團隊任務的認知。其次，團隊成員應該要整合這些成員的能力與知識，以完成團隊任務。本研究利用I-P-O模式，探討團隊工作績效如何受到團隊成員組成的影響。兩個主要的中介變數為團隊認知及團隊內的知識整合。最後，以團隊內溝通的有效性作為調節變數，進一步分析其如何改變成員多樣化對團隊認知的影響。
本研究針對組織內知識工作者所組成的專案團隊發放網路問卷，每組團隊需有至少3位成員進行填答，才能計算為一組有效問卷。共回收了含215位填答者之71組有效問卷。本研究使用PLS以團隊分數進行資料分析，獲得以下四個重要結果。首先，對知識團隊而言，知識整合與任務協同是影響專案績效的兩個重要的團隊流程。其次，對團隊成員與團隊任務的共識，有助於團隊成員進行知識整合與任務協同。第三，團隊成員多樣化與團隊認知間存在正向關係。進一步分析後發現，只有性別多樣化與專業知識異質性與團隊認知有顯著的正相關，其餘的多樣化指標與團隊認知間都沒有顯著的關係。第四，溝通是促成團隊建立共識的重要機制，同時也調節了年資及教育程度多樣化與團隊認知間的關係。當溝通有效性低時，年資多樣化與任務共識間，存在顯著的負向關係；當溝通有效性高時，教育程度的多樣化與團隊可靠性認知有顯著的正向關係。
摘要(英) Organizations face a whole new competitive environment in the knowledge era. Ever escalating global competition and the rapid changing environment result in a situation where the application of information technologies and knowledge play a critical role in organizational activities. Prior researches reveal knowledge as an important resource in organizations, and knowledge utilization and absorptive capacity are important organizational capabilities. In addition, task force or work-team becomes an important mechanism to respond to heavy competition. Teams are social networks that combine people who have different knowledge breath and depth. Team efficiency and effective are improved through integration of knowledge and collaboration among members within a team. Moreover, cross-functional teams are formed to deal with tasks which require knowledge from different functional unit in an organization, such as new product development, consulting, and information systems development. Members in many cross-functional teams are supposedly heterogeneous in their background, experience, and expertise. They usually have different opinions toward the tasks assigned to them. How to facilitate their cooperation and achieve synergy become critical managerial issues.
This study focuses on knowledge work-teams in organizations and tries to explore how team member diversity affects team performance. First, members with heterogeneous capabilities have to build mutual team cognition. Both team-related cognition and task-related cognition are important. Team-related cognition means the knowledge about other members’ expertise, while task-related cognition is the agreement on how team task should be done. Next, team members’ knowledge and capability should be combined to finish task. Besides, the characteristics of team task might affect how related knowledge and abilities are applied. This study adopts the I-P-O model to discuss the effects of team member diversity on team performance. Two major mediators are team cognition and knowledge integration within the team. Finally, communication effectiveness is employed as a moderator that moderates the effects of team member diversity on team cognition.
Questionnaire was administered to knowledge teams in organizations via the Internet. A valid sample consists of at least 3 team members in the same team. Data were collected from 215 respondents, participating in 71 project teams (samples). Data was analyzed using PLS. There are four major findings in this study. First, to knowledge teams, knowledge integration and task coordination are both positively associated with team performance. Second, both team-related cognition and task-related cognition are helpful to knowledge integration and task coordination. Third, member diversity is positively related to the formation of team cognition. Further analysis shows that only gender diversity and expertise heterogeneity are positively related to team cognition. Finally, communication effectiveness is important to the formation of team cognition; and meanwhile, it moderates the relationship between member diversity and team cognition. Tenure diversity is negatively related to task understanding when the degree of communication effectiveness is low. On the other hand, when the degree of communication effectiveness is high, the relationship between education diversity and team cognition is positive.
關鍵字(中) ★ 知識整合
★ 團隊認知
★ 成員多樣化
★ 團隊績效		 關鍵字(英) ★ knowledge integration
★ team co
★ member diversity
論文目次 1. 緒論 1
1.1. 研究背景 1
1.2. 研究動機及目的 3
1.3. 研究範圍及研究進行程序 4
2. 文獻探討 6
2.1. 團隊組成與績效的相關理論 6
2.2. 知識團隊 8
2. 3 團隊認知 (TEAM COGNITION) 15
2.4. 知識整合 (KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION) 19
2.5. 任務協同 (TASK COORDINATION) 24
3. 研究模型與假說推論 26
3.1. 研究架構 26
3.2. 研究假說 26
4. 研究方法 38
4.1. 研究設計 38
4.2. 問卷設計 39
5. 資料分析 48
5.1. 敘述性統計 48
5.2. 個別資料之信度及效度分析 52
5.3. 組內一致性分析 55
5.4. 團隊資料之信度及效度分析 58
5.5. 假說檢定 61
6. 討論 69
6.1. 研究發現 69
6.2. 研究貢獻 76
7. 結論 77
7.1. 學術意涵 77
7.2. 管理意涵 79
7.3. 研究限制與未來研究方向 80
參考文獻 83
附錄 97
A.1. 問卷 97
參考文獻 1. Alavi, M. “Managing Organizational Knowledge,” in: Framing the Domains of It Management Research: Glimpsing the Future through the Past, R.W. Zmud (ed.), Pinnaflex Educational Resources, Cincinnati, OH, 2000, pp. 15-28.
2. Alavi, M. and Leidner, D.E. “Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Fundations and Research Issues,” MIS Quarterly (25:1), 2001, pp 107-136.
3. Alavi, M. and Tiwana, A. “Knowledge Integration in Virtual Teams: The Potential Role of KMs,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (53:12), 2002, pp 1029-1037.
4. Anand, V., Manz, C.C., and Glick, W.H. “An Organizational Memory Approach to Information Management,” Academy of Management Review (23:4), 1998, pp 796-809.
5. Ancona, D.G. and Caldwell, D.F. “Demography and Design: Predictors of New Product Team Performance,” Organization Science (3:3), 1992, pp 321-341.
6. Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach,” Psychological Bulletin (103:3), 1988, pp 411-423.
7. Argote, L. and Gruenfeld, D. “Group Learning in Organizations,” in: Groups at Work: Theory and Research, M.E. Turner (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 2001, pp. 369-411.
8. Argote, L. and McGrath, J.E. “Group Processes in Organizations: Continuity and Change,” in: International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, L.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds.), John Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 333-389.
9. Austin, J.R. “Transactive Memory in Organizational Groups: The Effects of Content, Consensus, Specialization, and Accuracy on Group Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology (88:5), 2003, pp 866-878.
10. Bell, B.S. and Kozlowski, S.W.J. “A Typology of Virtual Teams: Implications for Effective Leadership,” Group and organization management (27:1), 2002, pp 14-49.
11. Bhagat, R.S., Kedia, B.L., Harveston, P.D., and Triandis, H.C. “Cultural Variations in the Cross-Border Transfer of Organizational Knowledge: An Integrative Framework,” Academy of Management Review (27:2), 2002, pp 204-221.
12. Bliese, P.D. “Within-Group Agreement, Non-Independence, and Reliability: Implications for Data Aggregation and Analysis,” in: Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations, K.J. Klein and S.W.J. Kozlowski (eds.), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2000, pp. 349-381.
13. Bowers, C.A., Braun, C.C., and Morgan Jr., B.B. “Team Workload: Its Meaning and Measurement,” in: Team Performance Assessment and Measurement, M.T. Brannick, E. Salas and C. Prince (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1997, pp. 85-108.
14. Campion, M.A. and Medsker, G.J. “Relations between Work Group Characteristics and Effectiveness: Implications for Designing Effective Work Groups,” Personal Psychology (46:4), 1993, pp 823-850.
15. Cannon-Bowers, J.A. and Salas, E. “Reflections on Shared Cognition,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (22:2), 2001, pp 195-202.
16. Cannon-Bowers, J.A., Salas, E., and Converse, S. “Shared Mental Models in Expert Team Decision Making,” in: Individual and Group Decision Making, C.N. J. (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1993, pp. 221-246.
17. Carlile, P.R. “A Pragmatic View of Knowledge and Boundaries: Boundary Objects in New Product Development,” Organization Science (13:4), 2002, pp 442-455.
18. Carlile, P.R. “Transferring, Translating, and Transforming: An Integrative Framework for Managing Knowledge across Boundaries,” Organization Science (15:5), 2004, pp 555-568.
19. Carter, S.M. and West, M.A. “Reflexivity, Effectiveness and Mental Health in Bbc Production Teams,” Small Group Research (29:5), 1998, pp 583-601.
20. Chin, W.W., Marcolin, B.L., and Newsted, P.R. “A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study,” Information Systems Research (14:2), 2003, pp 189-217.
21. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988.
22. Cohen, S.G. “What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite,” Journal of Management (23:3), 1997, pp 239-290.
23. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation,” Administrative Science Quarterly (35:1), 1990, pp 128-152.
24. Cooke, N.J., Kiekel, P.A., and Helm, E.E. “Measuring Team Knowledge During Skill Acquisition of a Complex Task,” International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics (5:3), 2001, pp 297-315.
25. Cooke, N.J., Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J.A., and Stout, R.J. “Measuring Team Knowledge,” Human Factors (42:1), 2000, pp 151-173.
26. Cooke, N.J., Salas, E., Kiekel, P.A., and Bell, B. “Advances in Measuring Team Cognition,” in: Team Cognition - Understanding the Factors That Drive Process and Performance, E. Salas and S.M. Fiore (eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2004.
27. Cox, T., Lobel, S., and McLeod, P. “Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior on a Group Task,” Academy of Management Journal (34:4), 1991, pp 827-847.
28. Cramton, C.D. “The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration,” Organization Science (12:3), 2001, pp 346-371.
29. De Boer, M., Van den Bosch, F., and Volberda, H. “Managing Organizational Knowledge Integration in the Emerging Multimedia Complex,” Journal of Management Studies (36:3), 1999, pp 379-418.
30. De Dreu, C. “Team Innovation and Team Effectiveness: The Importance of Minority Dissent and Reflexivity,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (11:3), 2002, pp 285-298.
31. De Dreu, C.K.W. and Weingart, L.R. “Task versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance, and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology (88:4), 2003, pp 741-749.
32. De Long, D.W. and Fahey, L. “Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management,” Academy of Management Executive (14:4), 2000, pp 113-128.
33. Demsetz, H. “The Theory of the Firm Revisited,” in: The Nature of the Firm, O.E. Williams and S.G. Winter (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, pp. 159-178.
34. Denison, D.R., Hart, S.L., and Kahn, J.A. “From Chimneys to Cross-Functional Teams: Developing and Validating a Diagnostic Model,” Academy of Management Journal (39:4), 1996, pp 1005-1023.
35. Dougherty, D. “Interpretive Barriers to Successful Product Innovation in Large Firms,” Organization Science (3:2), 1992, pp 179-202.
36. Ensley, M.D. and Pearce, C.L. “Shared Cognition in Top Management Teams: Implications for New Venture Performance,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (22:2), 2001, pp 145-160.
37. Entin, E.E. and Serfaty, D. “Adaptive Team Coordination,” Human Factors (41:2), 1999, pp 312-325.
38. Espinosa, J.A., Lerch, F.J., and Kraut, R.E. “Explicit Versus Implicit Coordination Mechanisms and Task Dependencies: One Size Doe Not Fit All,” in: Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors That Drive Process and Performance, E. Salas and S.M. Fiore (eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 107-129.
39. Espinosa, J.A., Slaughter, S.A., Kraut, R.E., and Herbsleb, J.D. “Team Knowledge and Coordination in Geographically Distributed Software Development,” Journal of Management Information Systems (24:1), 2007, pp 135-169.
40. Fey, C.F. and Birkinshaw, J. “External Sources of Knowledge, Governance Mode, and R&D Performance,” Journal of Management (31:4), 2005, pp 597-621.
41. Fichman, R.G. and Kemerer, C.F. “The Assimilation of Software Process Innovations: An Organizational Learning Perspective,” Management Science (43:10), 1997, pp 1345-1363.
42. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research (18:3), 1981, pp 39-50.
43. Galbraith, J.R. Organizational Design Addison-Wesley., MA, 1977.
44. Gersick, C.J. and Hackman, J.R. “Habitual Routines in Task-Performing Groups,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (47:1), 1990, pp 65-97.
45. Ghagat, R.S., Kedia, B.L., Harveston, P.D., and Triandis, H.C. “Cultural Variations in the Cross-Border Transfer of Organizational Knowledge: An Integrative Framework,” Academy of Management Review (27:2), 2002, pp 204-221.
46. Gibson, C.B. “From Knowledge Accumulation to Accommodation: Cycles of Collective Cognition in Work Groups,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (22:2), 2001, pp 121-134.
47. Gladstein, D.L. “A Model of Task Group Effectiveness,” Administrative Science Quarterly (29:4), 1984, pp 499-517.
48. Goodman, P.S. and Leyden, D.P. “Familiarity and Group Productivity,” Journal of Applied Psychology (76:4), 1991, pp 578-586.
49. Granovetter, M.S. “Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology,” in: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, N. Nohria and R. Eccles (eds.), Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1992, pp. 25-56.
50. Grant, R.M. “Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration,” Organization Science (7:4), 1996a, pp 375-387.
51. Grant, R.M. “Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal (17:S), 1996b, pp 109-122.
52. He, J., Butler, B.S., and King, W.R. “Team Cognition: Development and Evolution in Software Project Teams,” Journal of Management Information Systems (24:2), 2007, pp 261-292.
53. Hinsz, V.B. “Mental Models of Groups as Social Systems: Consideration of Specification and Assessment,” Small Group Research (26:2), 1995, pp 200-223.
54. Hoegl, M. and Gemuenden, H.G. “Teamwork Quality and the Success of Innovative Projects: A Theoretical Concept and Empirical Evidence,” Organization Science (12:4), 2001, pp 435-449.
55. Hollingshed, A.B. “Communication, Learning, and Retrieval in Transactive Memory Systems,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (34:5), 1998, pp 423-442.
56. Hulland, J. “Use of Partial Least Square Pls in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies,” Strategic Management Journal (20:2) 1999, pp 195-204.
57. Ilgen, D.R., Hollenbeck, J.R., Johnson, M., and Jundt, D. “Teams in Organizations: From Input-Process-Output Models to Imoi Models,” Annual Review of Psychology (56:1), 2005, pp 517-543.
58. Jackson, S.E., Brett, J.F., Sessa, D.M., Cooper, D.M., Julin, J.A., and Peyronnin, K. “Some Differences Make a Difference: Individual Dissimilarity and Group Heterogeneity as Correlates of Recruitment, Promotions, and Turnover,” Journal of Applied Psychology (76:5), 1991, pp 675-689.
59. Jackson, S.E., May, K.E., and Whitney, K. “Understanding the Dynamics of Diversity in Decision-Making Teams,” in: Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, R. Guzzo, E. Salas and Associates (eds.), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1995, pp. 204-261.
60. Jackson, S.E., Stone, V.K., and Alvarez, E.B. “Socialization Admidst Diversity: The Impact of Demographics on Work Team Oldtimesr and Newcomers,” in: Research Organizational Behavior, B.M. Shtaw and L.L. Cummings (eds.), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1992, pp. 45-109.
61. James, L.R., Demaree, R., G., and Wolf, G. “Estimating within Group Interrater Reliability with and without Response Bias,” Journal of Applied Psychology (69:1), 1984, pp 85-98.
62. Kang, S.-C., Morris, S.S., and Snell, S.A. “Relational Archetypes, Organizational Learning, and Value Creation: Extending the Human Resource Architecture,” Academy of Management Review (32:1), 2007, pp 236 - 256
63. Katz, R.L. “The Effects of Group Longevity on Project Communication and Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly (27:1), 1982, pp 81-104.
64. Katz, R.L. and Tushman, M. “Communication Patterns, Project Performance, and Task Characteristics: An Empirical Evaluation and Integration in an R&D Setting,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance (23:2), 1979, pp 139-162.
65. Kilduff, M., Angelmar, R., and Mehra, A. “Top Management-Team Diversity and Firm Performance: Examining the Role of Cognitions,” Organization Science (11:1), 2000, pp 21-34.
66. King, N. and Anderson, N. “Innovation and Creativity in Working Groups,” in: Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies, M.A. West and J.L. Farr (eds.), John Wiley & Sons Inc Chichester, 1990.
67. Kirsch, L.J. and Beath, C.M. “The Enactments and Consequences of Token, Shared, and Compliant Participation in Information Systems Development,” Accounting, Management & Information Technology (6:4), 1996, pp 221-254.
68. Klimoski, R. and Mohammed, S. “Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor?” Journal of Management Information Systems (20:2), 1994, pp 403-437.
69. Kozlowski, S.W.J. and Bell, B.S. “Work Groups and Teams in Organizations,” in: Handbook of Psychology, W.C. Borman, D.R. Ilgen and R.J. Klimoski (eds.), Wiley, London, 2003, pp. 333-375.
70. Kozlowski, S.W.J., Gully, S.M., Nason, E.R., and Smith, E.M. “Developing Adaptive Teams: A Theory of Compilation and Performance across Levels and Time,” in: The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing ,Motivation, and Development, D.R. Ilgen and E.D. Pulakos (eds.), Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1999, pp. 240-292.
71. Krauss, R.M. and Fussell, S.R. “Mutual Knowledge and Communications Effectiveness,” in: Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, J. Calegher, R.E. Kraut and C. Egido (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990, pp. 111-145.
72. Kraut, R.E. and Streeter, L. “Coordination in Large Scale Software Development,” Communications of the ACM (38:3), 1995, pp 69-81.
73. Lahey, M.A., Downey, R.G., and Saal, F.E. “Intraclass Correlations: There's More There than Meets the Eye,” Psychological Bulletin (93:3), 1983, pp 586-595.
74. Levina, N. and Vaast, E. “The Emergence of Boundary Spanning Competence in Practice: Implications for Implementation and Use of Information Systems,” MIS Quarterly (29:2), 2005, pp 335-363.
75. Lewis, K. “Measuring Transactive Memory Systems in the Field: Scale Development and Validation,” Journal of Applied Psychology (88:4), 2003, pp 587-604.
76. Lewis, K. “Knowledge and Performance in Knowledge-Worker Teams: A Longitudinal Study of Transactive Memory Systems,” Management Science (50:11), 2004, pp 1519-1533.
77. Lewis, K., Lange, D., and Gillis, L. “Transactive Memory Systems, Learning, and Learning Transfer,” Organization Science (16:6), 2005, pp 581-598.
78. Liang, D.W., Moreland, R.L., and Argote, L. “Group versus Individual Training and Group Performance: The Mediating Role of Transactive Memory,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (21:4), 1995, pp 384-393.
79. Libby, R., Trotman, K.T., and Zimmer, I. “Member Variation, Recognition of Expertise, and Group Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology (72:1), 1987, pp 81-87.
80. Lim, B.-C. and Klein, K.J. “Team Mental Models and Team Performance: A Field Study of the Effects of Team Mental Model Similarity and Accuracy,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (27:4), 2006, pp 403-418.
81. Littlepage, G.E. and Silbiger, H. “Recognition of Expertise in Decision-Making Groups: Effects of Group Size and Participation Patterns,” Small Group Research (23:3), 1992, pp 344-355.
82. Lovelace, K., Shapiro, D.L., and Weingart, L.R. “Maximizing Cross-Functional New Product Teams’ Innovativeness and Constraint Adherence: A Conflict Communications Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal (44:4), 2001, pp 779-793.
83. MacMillan, J., Estin, E.E., and Serfaty, D. “Communication Overhead: The Hidden Cost of Team Cognition,” in: Team Cognition: Understanding the Factors That Drive Process and Performance, E. Salas and S.M. Fiore (eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 61-82.
84. Malone, T.W. and Crowston, K. “The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination,” ACM Computing Surveys (26:1), 1994, pp 87-119.
85. Marks, M.A., Mathieu, J.E., and Zaccaro, S.J. “A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes,” Academy of Management Review (26:3), 2001, pp 356-376.
86. Mathieu, J.E., Heffner, T.S., Goodwin, G.F., Salas, E., and Cannon-Bowers, J.A. “The Influence of Shared Mental Models on Team Process and Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology (85:2), 2000, pp 273-283.
87. McGrath, J.E. Social Psychology: A Brief Introduction Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1964.
88. McGrath, J.E. “Time, Interaction and Performance (Tip): A Theory of Small Groups,” Small Group Research (22:2), 1991, pp 147-174.
89. McGrath, J.E., Arrow, H., and Berdahl, J.L. “The Study of Groups: Past, Present, and Future,” Personality and Social Psychology Review (4:1), 2000, pp 95-105.
90. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. “The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review,” Academy of Management Review (10:1), 1985, pp 39-47.
91. Millken, F.J. and Martins, L.L. “Searching for Common Threads: Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups,” Academy of Management Review (21:2), 1996, pp 402-433.
92. Mohammed, S. and Dumville, B.C. “Team Mental Models in a Team Knowledge Framework: Expanding Theory and Measurement across Disciplinary Boundaries,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (22:2), 2001, pp 89-106.
93. Moreland, R.L. “Lewin's Legacy for Small-Groups Research,” Systemic Practice and Action Research (9:1), 1996, pp 7-26.
94. Moreland, R.L. “Transactive Memory: Learning Who Knows What in Work Groups and Organizations.,” in: Shared Cognition in Organizations: The Management of Knowledge, L.L. Thompson, J.M. Levine and D.M. Messick (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1999, pp. 3-31.
95. Moreland, R.L. and Myaskovsky, L. “Exploring the Performance Benefits of Group Training: Transactive Memory or Improved Communication?” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (82:1), 2000, pp 117-133.
96. Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage,” Academy of Management Review (23:2), 1998, pp 242-266.
97. Nelson, K.M. and Cooprider, J.G. “The Contribution of Shared Knowledge to is Group Performance,” MIS Quarterly (20:4), 1996, pp 409-432.
98. Nerkar, A. and Paruchuri, S. “Evolution of R&D Capabilities: The Role of Knowledge Networks within a Firm,” Management Science (51:5), 2005, pp 771–785.
99. Nonaka, I. “A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation,” Organization Science (5:1), 1994, pp 14-37.
100. Okhuysen, G.A. and Eisenhardt, K.M. “Integrating Knowledge in Groups: How Formal Interventions Enable Flexibility,” Organization Science (13:4), 2002, pp 370-386.
101. Patnayakuni, R., Rai, A., and Tiwana, A. “Systems Development Process Improvement: A Knowledge Integration Perspective,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management (54:2), 2007, pp 286-300.
102. Patrashkova-Volzdoska, R.R., McComb, S.A., Green, S.G., and Compton, W.D. “Examining a Curvilinear Relationship between Communication Frequency and Team Performance in Cross-Functional Project Teams,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management (50:3), 2003, pp 262-269.
103. Pelled, L.H., Eisenhardt, K.M., and Xin, K.R. “Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict, and Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly (44:1), 1999, pp 1-28.
104. Pinto, M.B. and Pinto, J.K. “Project Team Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation in New Program Development,” Journal of Product Innovation Management (7:3), 2003, pp 200-212.
105. Postrel, S. “Islands of Shared Knowledge: Specialization and Mutual Understanding in Problem-Solving Teams,” Organization Science (13:3), 2002, pp 303-320.
106. Rentsch, J.R. and Klimoski, R.J. “Why Do 'Great Minds' Think Alike?: Antecedents of Team Member Schema Agreement,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (22:2), 2001, pp 107-120.
107. Reus, T.H. and Liu, Y. “Rhyme and Reason: Emotional Capability and the Performance of Knowledge-Intensive Work Groups,” Human Performance (17:2), 2004, pp 245-266.
108. Rico, R., Sánchez-Manzanares, M., Gil, F., and Gibson, C. “Team Implicit Coordination Processes: A Team Knowledge-Based Approach,” Academy of Management Review (33:1), 2008, pp 163-184.
109. Robert Jr., L.P., Dennis, A.R., and Ahuja, M.K. “Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Teams,” Information Systems Research (19:3), 2008, pp 314-334.
110. Rodan, S. and Galunic, D.C. “More Than Network Structure: How Knowledge Heterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness,” Strategic Management Journal (25:6), 2004, pp 541-556.
111. Rosenkopf, L. and Nerkar, A. “Beyond Local Search: Boundary-Spanning, Exploration, and Impact in the Optical Disk Industry,” Strategic Management Journal (22:4), 2001, pp 287-306.
112. Rulke, D.L. and Galaskiewicz, J. “Distribution of Knowledge, Group Network Structure, and Group Performance,” Management Science (46:5), 2000, pp 612-625.
113. Salas, E. and Fiore, S.M. “Why Team Cognition? An Overview,” in: Team Cognition, E. Salas and S.M. Fiore (eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 3-8.
114. Sarin, S. and McDermott, C. “The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning, Knowledge Application, and Performance of Cross-Functional New Product Development Teams,” Decision Science (34:4), 2003, pp 707-739.
115. Sarker, S., Saker, S., Nicholson, D.B., and Joshi, K.D. “Knowledge Transfer in Virtual Systems Development Teams: An Exploratory Study of Four Key Enablers,” IEEE transactions on professional communication (48:2), 2005, pp 201-218.
116. Schippers, M.C., Den Hartog, D.N., Koopman, P.L., and Wienk, J.A. “Diversity and Team Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Outcome Interdependence and Group Longevity and the Mediating Effect of Reflexivity,” Journal of Organizational Behavior (24:6), 2003, pp 779-802.
117. Shaw, J.B. and Barrett-Power, E. “The Effects of Diversity on Small Work Group Processes and Performance,” Human Relations (51:10), 1998, pp 1307-1325.
118. Smith, K.G., Smith, K.A., Olian, J.D., Sims, H.P., O'Bannon, D.P., and Scully, J.A. “Top Management Team Demography and Process: The Role of Social Integration and Communication,” Administrative Science Quarterly (39:3), 1994, pp 412-438.
119. Spender, J.C. “Making Knowledge the Basis of Dynamic Theory of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal (17:S), 1996, pp 45-62.
120. Spender, J.C. and Grant, R.M. “Knowledge and the Firm: Overview,” Strategic Management Journal (17:S), 1996, pp 5-9.
121. Sundstrom, E., McIntyre, M., Halfhill, T., and Richards, H. “Work Groups: From the Hawthorne Studies to Work Teams of the 1990s and Beyond,” Group Dynamics (4:1), 2000, pp 44-67.
122. Szulanski, G. “Exploring Internal Stickness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal (17:S), 1996, pp 27-43.
123. Taggar, S. “Individual Creativity and Group Ability to Utilize Individual Creative Resources: A Multilevel Model,” Academy of Management Journal (45:2), 2002, pp 315-330.
124. Taylor, A. and Greve, H.R. “Superman or the Fantastic Four? Knowledge Combination and Experience in Innovative Teams,” Academy of Management Journal (49:4), 2006, pp 723-740.
125. Teachman, J.D. “Analysis of Population Diversity: Measures of Qualitative Variation,” Sociological Methods and Research (8:3), 1980, pp 341-362.
126. Thompson, J.D. Organizations in Action McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
127. Tiwana, A. and McLean, E.R. “Expertise Integration and Creativity in Information Systems Development,” Journal of Management Information Systems (22:1), 2005, pp 13-43.
128. Tjosvold, D. “Cooperation Theory, Constructive Controversy, and Effectiveness: Learning from Crisis,” in: Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, R. Guzzo and E. Salas (eds.), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1995, pp. 79-112.
129. Tsai, W. “Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Networks: Effects of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal (44:5), 2001, pp 996-1004.
130. Tsui, A.S., Egan, T.D., and O'Reilly, C.A. “Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment,” Administrative Sciences Quarterly (37:4), 1992, pp 546-579.
131. Tushman, M.L. “Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process,” Administrative Science Quarterly (22:4), 1977, pp 587-605
132. Van de Ven, A.H., Delbecq, A.L., and Koening, R. “Determinants of Coordination Modes within Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology (41:2), 1976, pp 322-338.
133. Wallace, L. and Rai, M.K.A. “How Software Project Risk Affects Project Performance: An Investigation of the Dimensions of Risk and an Exploratory Model,” Decision Science (35:2), 2004, pp 289-321.
134. Walsh, J.P. “Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Notes from a Trip Down Memory Lane,” Organization Science (6:3), 1995, pp 280-321.
135. Watson, W., Kumar, K., and Michaelson, L. “Cultural Diversity's Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal (36:3), 1993, pp 590-602.
136. Wegner, D.M. “Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind,” in: Theories of Group Behavior, B. Mullen and G.R. Goethals (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987, pp. 185-208.
137. Wegner, D.M. “A Computer Network Model of Human Transactive Memory,” Social Cognition (13:3), 1995, pp 319-339.
138. Williams, K.Y. and O'Reilly III, C.A. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research,” in: Research in Organizational Behavior, B. Staw and R. Sutton (eds.), JAI Press, Greenwich CT, 1998, pp. 77-140.
139. Zeleny, M. “Knowledge as a New Form of Capital: Part 1. Division and Reintegration of Knowledge,” Human Systems Management (8:1), 1989, pp 45-58.
140. Zenger, T.R. and Lawrence, B.S. “Organizational Demography: The Differential Effects of Age and Tenure Distributions on Technical Communication,” Academy of Management Journal (32:2), 1989, pp 353-376.
指導教授 范錚強(Cheng-kiang Farn) 審核日期 2009-7-14
推文 facebook   plurk   twitter   funp   google   live   udn   HD   myshare   reddit   netvibes   friend   youpush   delicious   baidu   
網路書籤 Google bookmarks   del.icio.us   hemidemi   myshare   

若有論文相關問題，請聯絡國立中央大學圖書館推廣服務組 TEL:(03)422-7151轉57407，或E-mail聯絡  - 隱私權政策聲明