公平機會教室之設計方法以減輕能力感知差異

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鄭年亨(Nien-Heng Cheng) 查詢紙本館藏

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資訊工程學系

論文名稱

公平機會教室之設計方法以減輕能力感知差異
(An Approach to Designing Even Opportunity Classroom to Moderate the Difference of Ability Perception)

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摘要(中)

在學校教育的過程中，個人之間的能力差異是無法避免的。在教室裡，當低能力的學生常常表現得比其他學生還不好時，他們就會在學習中覺得沮喪與受到挫折。雖然高能力的學生一直都表現得很好，但是他們所遇到的學習挑戰卻常常是太過容易的。久而久之，他們也不會覺得學習很有趣。教育就像是個機器一樣，總是只要求學生達到一致的課程標準，而沒有考量到每個人的能力和情感狀態。這樣一成不變的學習過程忽略了學生追求快樂學習的權力。而且學生從每次學習活動的結果（在本論文中稱為感知表現）很輕易地就能夠察覺到自己的表現。當低能力的學生不斷展現比同學差的感知表現，他們就沒辦法跟高能力的學生一樣擁有成就感。這種教室內的不平等應該要被改正。我們研究者的責任就是去提供一個平等的學習環境，讓所有的學生可以發展能力並且建立信心，好面對未來生活上的真實且不公平的狀況。本論文的目標是藉由發展一個稱為公平機會策略的電腦化機制，來建立一個公平機會教室，讓（１）減輕高、低能力學生間的感知表現差異，並且（２）減輕高、低能力學生間的能力感知差異。當這個策略被應用到學習活動中時，不論什麼能力的學生便都可以擁有成功經驗和適當的失敗經驗。而且因為有了成功的希望，他們也會更投入到所有的學習活動之中。因此，公平機會策略被整合到一個競爭學習遊戲AnswerMatching，在競爭時每個學生都被指派一個能力相近的對手。為了初步了解這個策略的效能和效果，本論文也實施了一個實驗。結果顯示公平機會策略能夠減少個別能力在感知表現和能力感知上的效果。換言之，即使在一個競爭活動當中，低能力的學生也能夠跟高能力的學生一樣，擁有相近的成功機會，也能夠建立自信心。

摘要(英)

In schooling, ability difference among individuals is inevitable. When less-able students usually perform worse than the other students in a classroom, they may feel discouraged and frustrated in learning. Although more-able students always perform well, the challenge that they face in learning is usually too easy for them. Eventually, they will not find learning is interesting as well. The education machine always asks students to meet the curricular requirements without taking care of individual ability and their affective status. Such identical learning process ignores students’ rights to pursue joyful learning. Furthermore, students easily perceive how well they perform through the result of learning activity, which is termed as perceived performance in this thesis. Consistently demonstrating lower perceived performance than their peers, less-able students hardly have the same opportunity for owning the sense of achievement as more-able students. The inequality in classrooms should be rectified. It is our responsibility to provide an equal learning environment where all students can develop the abilities and build the confidence to face real and unfair situations in their future life. This thesis aims to build an even opportunity classroom, by developing a computerized mechanism, called even opportunity tactic, in order to (1) lessen the difference in perceived performance between more-able and less-able students, and (2) moderate the difference of ability perception between more-able and less-able students. In the learning activity that the tactic is applied to, all students may have success experience and acceptable failure experience regardless of their abilities. They may also be fully engaged in all learning activities because they can have the hope of success. Even opportunity tactic is thus incorporated into a competitive learning game AnswerMatching, in which every student is assigned an opponent with similar ability. An experiment was also conducted to preliminarily investigate the effectiveness and effects of the tactic. Results showed that even opportunity tactic could reduce the effect of individual ability difference on the perceived performance as well as the belief about how well students could achieve. In other words, less-able students could have similar opportunity of success and build confidence similar to more-able students even in a competition.

關鍵字(中)

★ 能力差異
★ 公平機會策略
★ 公平機會教室
★ 感知表現
★ 感知能力
★ 挑戰設計

關鍵字(英)

★ even opportunity classroom
★ even opportunity tactic
★ ability difference
★ perceived performance
★ perceived abilities
★ challenges design

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iv
Table of Content vi
Figures ix
Tables x
1. Introduction 1
1-1 Motivation 1
1-2 Objective 3
1-3 Research Questions 7
2. Literature Review 9
2-1 Ability Perception 9
2-1-1 Self-efficacy 9
2-1-2 Expectancy for Success 10
2-2 Challenge and Ability 13
2-2-1 Components of Flow 13
2-2-2 Conditions of Flow 15
2-3 Competition 18
2-4 Previous Works 20
2-4-1 EduBingo 20
2-4-2 AnswerMatching 24
2-4-3 Asymmetrical Competition Strategy 26
2-4-4 Uneven Chance Tactic 28
3. System Design 32
3-1 Perceived Performance 32
3-2 Design Principles 33
3-3 Design of Challenge 36
3-4 Even Opportunity Tactic 39
3-5 Activity Design 41
3-5-1 Original Learning Activity 41
3-5-2 EOT Design for AnswerMatching 45
4. Pilot Study 48
4-1 Subjects 48
4-2 Procedure 48
4-3 Results 51
4-4 Discussion 56
5. Experiment 59
5-1 Purposes 59
5-2 Subjects and Materials 60
5-3 Measures 60
5-4 Procedure 62
5-5 Data Analysis 63
5-6 Results 64
5-6-1 Effectiveness on Perceived Performance 64
5-6-2 Effects on Predicted Performance 71
5-6-3 Analysis of Actual Performance 75
5-6-4 Summary 84
5-7 Discussion 85
5-7-1 Actual and Perceived Performance 85
5-7-2 Perceived and Predicted Performance 86
5-7-3 Design Issues 87
5-7-4 Ethical Issues 89
5-7-5 Implications 90
5-8 Research limitations 91
6. Conclusions 93
Reference 97

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指導教授

陳德懷(Tak-Wai Chan)

審核日期

2009-11-5

推文