項目指示遺忘效果的行為與事件相關電位研究

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：17

、訪客IP：3.144.48.135

姓名

謝良典(Liang-Tien Hsieh) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

項目指示遺忘效果的行為與事件相關電位研究
(Behavioral and Event-Related Potential Studies of Item-Method Directed Forgetting Effect)

相關論文

★ 意旁結合度、意旁表意透明度對中文閱讀的影響	★ 以行為及事件相關電位探討中文雙字詞的記憶聯結錯誤
★ 項目指示遺忘作業中記憶登錄及提取歷程的行為及事件相關腦電位研究	★ 以語意促發作業探討項目指示遺忘中線索對於記憶登錄歷程影響之行為及事件相關腦電位研究
★ 特定與非特定來源記憶提取的行為及事件相關腦電位	★ 以行為及事件相關腦電位探討處理層次與聯結性登錄方式對記憶連結錯誤之影響
★ 中文字詞辨識的語音運作單位	★ 由語意透明度所引發的再認記憶鏡像效應：行為與事件相關腦電位研究
★ 登錄作業對於中文雙字詞語意透明度在再認記憶中所引發鏡像效應之影響：行為及事件相關腦電位實驗	★ 以事件相關腦電位探討細節性與概要性記憶的提取導向
★ 以行為及事件相關腦電位實驗探討前瞻記憶線索出現機率對於前瞻干擾效果的影響	★ 以跨顱電刺激與事件相關腦電位探討左側後頂葉腦區於再認記憶中所扮演之角色
★ 測驗表現回饋對測驗效應之調控的行為與事件相關腦電位研究	★ 以非侵入式腦刺激探討左後側頂葉與情節記憶提取之因果關係
★ 中文假字形聲限制高低對於試誤與無誤學習之影響的行為與事件相關腦電位研究	★ 情緒入碼情境對於記憶登錄與提取中的控制歷程之影響

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

摘要
這篇論文主要的研究目的在於利用電生理以及行為指標來探討項目指示遺忘效果(Directed Forgetting Effect)的認知歷程及其神經機制。在項目指示遺忘作業(Item-Method Directed Forgetting Task)之中,學習階段每一個出現在螢幕上面的學習刺激後面可能會跟隨著『記住(R-cue)』或者是『忘記(F-cue)』的指示，其目的在要求受試者分別去記住或者是去忘記某一個學習刺激。在之後的測試階段中，所有在學習階段出現過刺激以及在整個實驗過程中沒有出現過的刺激會隨機的出現在電腦螢幕上，而受試者被要求去再認出在學習階段中出現過的所有學習刺激；不論此刺激在學習階段是要求受試者去記住或者是去忘記。實驗二藉由記錄受試者在執行項目指示遺忘作業的學習以及測試階段的腦波訊號，進一步的去探討項目指示遺忘效果的認知及神經機制。此外，為了對實驗二所得到的電生理結果提供一個『基準比較(Baseline Comparison)』，實驗一要求受試者執行『簡單再認作業(Simple Old/New Recognition Task)』，並且紀錄受試者在簡單再認作業之中學習以及測試階段的腦波，而其電生理資料也與實驗二的電生理資料做比較；進一步的去探討項目指示遺忘效果的認知及神經機制。
除了實驗一以及實驗二的電生理實驗，此篇論文也執行了一系列的行為實驗去進一步的探討在實驗二裡面所觀察到的電生理結果。在實驗三裡面，學習階段的『記住』以及『忘記』的指示出現在學習刺激之前，其目的在探討在項目指示遺忘作業中受試者對於學習刺激的登錄歷程。在實驗四中，除了在學習階段的項目指示遺忘操弄，測試階段時受試者被要求去執行『來源記憶作業(Source Memory Task)』;也就是說受試者除了再認出在學習階段出現過的學習刺激以外，他們還必須要去判斷此刺激在學習階段時是被要求去記住或者是去忘記，其目的在進一步的探討受試者在項目指示遺忘作業中的記憶提取歷程。最後，在實驗五當中，受試者在測試階段時被要求去執行兩種不同的『記憶排除作業(Memory Exclusion Task)』，其目的也是進一步的去探討受試者對於『去記住的刺激』以及對『去忘記的刺激』的記憶提取歷程。藉由這一系列的電生理以及行為實驗，期望能夠對於項目指示遺忘效果的認知及神經機制有更清楚的了解。

摘要(英)

Abstract
Two electrophysiological studies and a series of behavioral experiments were conducted to investigate the cognitive/neural mechanisms underlying the item-method directed forgetting effect. For the two electrophysiological studies, brain waves were recorded when subjects engaged in the simple old/new recognition task and the directed-forgetting recognition task respectively. In the study phase of the item-method directed forgetting task, each study item was followed by either a “R” or a “F” cue, which instructed the subject to remember or to forget the preceding item respectively. In the following test phase, subjects were presented with all the study items intermixed with unstudied new items. Subjects were instructed to identify all study items, regardless of whether these items had been instructed to be remembered or to be forgotten in the earlier study phase.
For both the simple recognition task and the directed forgetting task, ERPs were recorded in the study and test phases. The ERPs recorded during the test phase were sorted and compared according to the response categories the eliciting stimuli belong to (i.e., hit, miss, false alarms, and correct rejections in the simple recognition task; hit and miss to to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten items, false alarm, and correct rejections in the directed forgetting task). For the ERPs recorded at study, these waveforms were also categorized according to the subsequent response the study items elicited in the subsequent test phase (i.e., subsequently remembered and forgotten items).
Following these two electrophysiological studies, a series of behavioral studies were conducted to clarify the properties of the cognitive processes involved in the item-method directed forgetting effect. These behavioral studies were (a) pre-cued item-method directed forgetting task, in which the remember and forget cues were presented before, rather than after, the presentation of the study items, (b) item-method directed forgetting task with source judgments, in which subjects were required to identify whether a recognized item had been followed by a R or F cue in the earlier study phase; (c) item-method directed forgetting with exclusion tasks, in which the target items could be to-be-remembered or to-be-forgotten items. It is expected that these ERP and behavioral results would advance our understanding of how people remember and forget the episodes they have experienced.

關鍵字(中)

★ 項目指示遺忘效果
★ 事件相關電位

關鍵字(英)

★ Item-Method Directed Forgetting Effect
★ Event-Related Potential

論文目次

Contents
Abstract I
Contents IV
Lists of Figures VII
Lists of Tables VIII
Chapter 1. DIRECTED FORGETTING PARADIGM 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 ITEM-METHOD DIRECTED FORGETTING PARADIGM 1
1.2.1 Selective Rehearsal 2
1.2.2 Attentional Inhibition 4
1.2.3 Retrieval Inhibition 7
1.3 SUMMARY 9
Chapter 2. ERP STUDIES OF RECOGNITION MEMORY 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS 11
2.3 ERP CORRELATES OF RECOGNITION MEMORY 16
2.3.1 ERP Studies of Memory Retrieval 16
2.3.1.1 Retrieval Success: The Old/New Effects 17
2.3.2 ERP Studies of Memory Encoding: Subsequent Memory Effect 23
2.4 ERP STUDIES OF ITEM-METHOD DIRECTED FORGETTING 26
2.5 SUMMARY 30
Chapter 3. AIMS AND METHODS OF THIS STUDY 32
3.1 INTRODUCTION 32
3.2 SUBJECTS 33
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS 33
3.4 ERP RECORDING 34
Chapter 4. EXPERIMENT ONE 36
4.1 INTRODUCTION 36
4.2 METHODS 36
4.2.1 Subjects 36
4.2.2 Stimuli and Design 36
4.2.3 Procedure 37
4.3 RESULTS 38
4.3.1 Behavioral Results 38
4.3.2 ERP Results 38
4.4 DISCUSSION 45
Chapter 5. EXPERIMENT TWO 48
5.1 INTRODUCTION 48
5.2 METHODS 50
5.2.1 Subjects 50
5.2.2 Stimuli and Design 50
5.2.3 Procedure 51
5.3 RESULTS 52
5.3.1 Behavioral Results 52
5.3.2 ERP Results 54
5.4 DISCUSSION 73
Chapter 6. EXPERIMENT THREE 79
6.1 INTRODUCTION 79
6.2 METHOD 79
6.2.1 Subjects 79
6.2.2 Stimuli and Design 79
6.2.3 Procedure 80
6.3 RESULTS 80
6.3.1 Behavioral Results 80
6.4 DISCUSSION 81
Chapter 7. EXPERIMENT FOUR 84
7.1 INTRODUCTION 84
7.2 METHOD 84
7.2.1 Subjects 85
7.2.2 Stimuli and Design 85
7.2.3 Procedure 85
7.3 RESULTS 86
7.3.1 Behavioral Results 86
7.4 DISCUSSION 89
Chapter 8. EXPERIMENT FIVE 91
8.1 INTRODUCTION 91
8.2 METHODS 92
8.2.1 Subjects 92
8.2.2 Stimuli and Design 93
8.2.3 Procedure 93
8.3 RESULTS 94
8.3.1 Behavioral Results 94
8.4 DISCUSSION 96
Chapter 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION 97
9.1 INTRODUCTION 97
9.2 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS 97
9.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR ITEM-METHOD DIRECTED FORGETTING 100
9.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 103
REFERENCE LIST 105
APPENDIX (EXPERIMENTAL STIMULI) 114

參考文獻

Reference List
Allan, K. & Rugg, M. D. (1997). An event-related potential study of explicit memory on tests of cued recall and recognition. Neuropsychologia, 35, 387-397.
Allison, T., Wood, C.C. and McCarthy, G. (1986). The Central Nervous System. In E. Donchin, S. Porges and M. Coles (Ed.). Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes and Applications: A Handbook (pp. 5-25). New York: Guilford Press.
Atkinson, R. C. & Juola, J. F. (1974). Search and decision processes in recognition memory. In D.H.Krantz, R. C. Atkinson, R. D. Luce, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology (pp.243-293). San Francisco: Freeman.
Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. J. (1993). Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 19, 603-616.
Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (1996). Continuing influences of to-be-forgotten information. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 176-196.
Bjork, R. A. (1972). Theoretical implications of directed forgetting. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory (pp. 217-235). Washington, DC: Winston.
Cheng, S.-K., & Rugg, M. D. (2003). Predicting subsequent mmory errors with event-related potentials (ERPs). The 10th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, USA.
Cohen, J.D., Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychol. Rev., 99, 45-77.
Coles, M. G. H. & Rugg, M. D. (1995). Event-related brain potentials: An introduction. In M. D. Rugg & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition (pp.1-26). London: Oxford University Press.
Conway, M. A. & Fthenaki, A. (2003). Disruption of inhibitory control of memory following lesions to the frontal and temporal lobes. Cortex, 39, 667-686.
Curran, T. & Cleary, A. M. (2003). Using ERPs to dissociate recollection from familiarityin picture recognition. Cognitive Brain Research, 15, 191-205.
Curran, T. (2000). Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 28, 923-938.
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
Davis, J. C., & Okada, R. (1971). Recognition and recall of positively forgotten items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 181-186.
Donders, F. C. (1868/1969). On the speed of mental processes. In W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and Performance II (pp. 412-431). Amsterdam: North Holland.
Donaldson, W. (1993). Accuracy of d’ and A’ as estimates of sensitivity. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 271-274.
Dulaney, C. L., Marks, W. & Link, K. E. (2004). Aging and directed forgetting: Pre-cue encoding and post-cue rehearsal effects. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 95-112.
Duzel, E., Yonelinas, A. P., Mangun, G. R., Heinze, H.-J., & Tulving, E. (1997). Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94, 5973-5978.
Friedman, D. & Johnson, R. (2000). Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review. Microscopy Research and Technique, 51, 6-28.
Friedman, D. & Trott, C. T. (2000). An event-related potential study of encoding in young and older adults. Neuropsychologia, 38, 542-557.
Gardiner, J. M., & Java, R. I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition, 18, 23-30.
Gardiner, J. M., Kaminska, Z., & Dixon, M. (1996). Repetition of previously novel melodies sometimes increases both remember and know responses in recognition memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 366-371.
Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollection experience. Memory & Cognition, 16, 309-313.
Gardiner, J. M. (2001). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: a first-person approach. In Baddeley, A., Aggleton, J. & Conway, M. (Eds.), Episodic memory (pp. 1351-1361). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
Gardiner, J. M., Gawlik, B., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (1994). Maintenance rehearsal affects knowing, not remembering: Elaborative rehearsal affects remembering, not knowing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 107-110.
Geiselman, R. E., & Bagheri, B. (1985). Repetition effects in directed forgetting: Evidence for retrieval inhibition. Memory & Cognition, 13, 57-62.
Greenhouse, G. W., & Geisser, S. (1959). On methods in the analysis of repeated measures designs. Psychometrika, 49, 95-112.
Hasher L., Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and new view. In: Bower G. H., editor. The psychology of learning and motivation, 22. San Diego, CA: Academic Press (pp. 193-220).
Herron, J. E. & Rugg, M. D. (2003). Retrieval orientation and the control of recollection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 843-854
Hintzman, D. L. & Curran, T. (1994). Retrieval dynamics of recognition and frequency judgments: Evidence for separate processes of familiarity and recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 1-18.
Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
Jacoby, L. L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Jasper, H. H., (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 10, 371-375.
Johnson, M. K., Nolbre, S. F., Mather, M., Kounios, J., Schacter, D. L., & Curran, T. (1997). The similiarity of brain activity associated with true and false recognition memory depends on test format. Psychological Science, 8, 250-257.
Johnson, M.K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D.S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
Kutas, M. & Dale, A. M. (1997). Electrical and magnetic reading of mental functions. In M.D. Rugg (Ed.), Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 197-242). Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press.
MacLeod, C. M. (1989). Directed forgetting affects both direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 13-21.
MacLeod, C. M. (1998). Directed forgetting. In Golding, J. M. & MacLeod, C. M. (Eds.), Intentional Forgetting: Interdisciplinary Approaches (pp.1-57). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
Mangels, J. A., Picton, T. W., & Craik, F. I. M. (2001). Attention and successful episodic encoding: An event-related potential stud. Cognitive Brain Research, 11, 77-95.
McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adults reporting repressed or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 151-156.
Mecklinger, A. (2000). Interfacing mind and brain: A neurocognitive model of recognition memory. Psychophysiology, 37, 565-582.
Muller, U., Ullsperger, M., & Hannerstein, E., Sachweh, S., & Becker, T. (2005). Directed forgetting in schizophrenia: prefrontal memory and inhibition deficits. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 4, 251-257.
Muther, W. S. (1965). Erasure or partitioning in short-term memory. Psychonomic Science, 3, 429-430.
Naatanen, R. & Picton, T. (1987). The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology, 24, 375-425.
Otten, L. J. & Rugg, M. D. (2001). Electrophysiological correlates of memory encoding are task-dependent. Cognitive Brain Research, 12, 11-18.
Paller, K. A. (1990). Recall and stem-completion priming have difference electrophysiological correlates and are modified differentially by directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1021-1032.
Paz-Caballero, M. D., Menor, J., & Jimenez, J. M. (2004). Predictive validity of event-related potentials (ERPs) in relation to the directed forgetting effects. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 369-377.
Paz-Caballero, M. D., Menor, J. (1999). ERP correlates of directed forgetting effects in direct and indirect memory tests. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol., 11, 239-260.
Picton, T. W., Bentin, S., Berg, P., Donchin, E., Hillyard, S. A., Johnson, S. A., Johnson, R., Miller, G. R., Ritter, W., Ruchkin, D. S., Rugg, M. D., & Taylor, M. J. (2000). Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria. Psychophysiology, 37, 127-152.
Picton, T. W., Lins, O. G., & Scherg, M. (1995). The recording and analysis of event-related potentials. In F.Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (pp.3-73). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Posner, M. I. &Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X (pp.531-556). Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
Pollack, I., & Norman, D. A. (1964). A nonparametric analysis of recognition experiments. Psychonomic Science, 1, 125-126.
Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21, 89-102.
Ranganath, C. & Paller, K. A. (1999). Frontal brain potentials during recognition are modulated by requirements to retrieve perceptual details. Neuron, 22, 605-613.
Robb, W. G. K. & Rugg, M. D. (2002). Electrophysiological dissociation of retrieval orientation and retrieval effort. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 583-589.
Roediger, H. L., III, Weldon, M. S., & Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between explicit and implicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Roediger, H. L., III. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
Rugg, M. D. & Coles, M. G. H. (1995). The ERP and cognitive psychology: Conceptual issues. In M. D. Rugg & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Electrophysiology of mind (pp. 27-39). London: Oxford University Press.
Rugg, M. D., Mark, R. E., Walla, P., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Birch, C. S., & Allan, K. (1998). Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory. Nature, 392, 595-598.
Rugg, M. D. ＆Wilding, E. L. (2000). Retrieval processing and episodic memory. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4, 108-115.
Rugg, M. D., Allan, K., & Birch, C. S. (2000). Electrophysiological evidence for the modulation of retrieval orientation by depth of study processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 664-678.
Sanquist, T. F., Rohrbaugh, J. W., Syndulko, K., & Lindsley, D. B. (1980). Electrophysiological signs of levels of processing: perceptual analysis and recognition memory. Psychophysiology, 17, 568-576.
Scherg, M. (1990). Fundamentals of dipole source potential analysis. In: Auditory evoked magnetic fields and electric potentials (eds. F. Grandori, M. Hoke and G.L. Romani). Advances in Audiology, Vol. 6. Karger, Basel, pp 40-69.
Semon, R. S. (1904). Die Mneme als Erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des Organischen Gesechenhens, Willian Engelman.
Senkfor, A. J. & Van Petten, C. (1998). Who Said What? An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Source and Item Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1005-1025.
Smith, M. E. (1993). Neurophysiological manifestations of recollective experience during recognition memory judgments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 1-13.
Snodgrass, J. G. & Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 34-50.
Taylor, T. (2005). Inhibition of return following instructions to remember and forget. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 613-629.
Tendolkar, I., Schoenfield, A., Golz, G., Fernandez, G., Kuhl, K.-P., R., & Heinze, H.-J. (1999). Neural correlates of recognition memory with and without recollection in patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls. Neuroscience Letters, 263, 45-48.
Trott, C. T., Ritter, W., Fabiani, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1999). Episodic priming and memory for temporal source: Event-related potentials reveal age-related differences in prefrontal functioning. Psychology and Aging, 14, 390-413.
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1-12.
Tzeng, O. J. L., Lee, A. T., & Wetzel, C. D. (1979). Temporal coding in verbal information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 52-64.
Ullsperger, M., Mecklinger, A., & Muller, U. (2000). An electrophysiological test of directed forgetting: the role of retrieval inhibition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 924-940.
Weiner, B. & Reed, H. (1969). Effects of the instructional sets to remember and to forget on short-term retention: Studies of rehearsal control and retrieval inhibition (repression). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 79, 226-232.
Wetzel, C. D., & Hunt, R. E. (1977). Cue delay and the role of rehearsal in directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 233-245.
Weyerts, H., Tendolkar, I., Smid, H. G., & Heinze, H. J. (1997). ERPs to encoding and recognition in two different inter-item association tasks. NeuroReport, 8, 1583-1588.
Werkle-Bergner, M., Mecklinger, A., Kray, J., Meyer, P., Duzel, E. (2005). The control of memory retrieval: insights from event-related potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 599-614.
Wilding, E. L., & Rugg, M. D. (1996). An event-related potential study of recognition with and without retrieval of source. Brain, 119, 889-905.
Wilding, E.L. & Nobre, A.C. (2001). Task-switching and memory retrieval processing: Electrophysiological evidence. NeuroReport, 12, 3613-3617.
Wilding, E. L. & Rugg, M. D. (1997). Event-related potentials and the recognition memory exclusion task. Neuropsychologia, 35, 119-128.
Wilding, E. L. (1999). Separating retrieval strategies from retrieval success: An event-related potential study of source memory. Neuropsychologia, 37, 441-454.
Wood, C. C. & McCarthy, G. (1984). Principal component analysis of event-related potentials: simulation studies demonstrate misallocation of variance across components. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 59, 249-260.
Yonelinas, A. P. (1994). Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 20, 1341-1354.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
Zacks, R. T., Radvansky, G., & Hasher, L. (1996). Studies of directed forgetting in older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 143-156.

指導教授

鄭仕坤(Shih-Kuen Cheng)

審核日期

2006-7-22

推文