專利資訊與專利維護之實證分析-以太陽能電能轉換技術為例

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：53

、訪客IP：3.128.170.81

姓名

林凱斌(Kai-Pin Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

產業經濟研究所

論文名稱

專利資訊與專利維護之實證分析-以太陽能電能轉換技術為例
(An Empirical Study on Patent Information and Patent Renewal: The Case of Photovoltaic Technology)

相關論文

★ 期間利差與經濟衰退之預測模型-理性預期假設之驗證	★ 台灣、美國總經月數據與台股股價指數之關聯性
★ 台灣資訊電子產業異質性及利潤率之探討	★ 中小企業案件逾期放款之預測
★ 台灣半導體產業經營效率分析－三階段資料包絡分析法之應用	★ 台灣車輛產業經濟附加價值之研究－兼論影響信通交通器材公司經濟附加價值之因素
★ 外人直接投資與研發活動之關聯性-台灣電子相關產業之實證研究	★ 消費性信用貸款授信評量模式之研究
★ 二順位房貸產品風險預警分析	★ 新產品商業化流程之個案研究–以美商3M公司為例
★ 高淨值客戶風險屬性與共同基金投資報酬率之實證研究	★ 台灣加權指數與指數股票型基金風險值之歷史模擬法分析
★ 國際油價、匯率與利率之動態關聯—VECM與VECM-GARCH之應用	★ 主流記憶體之二十年價格模式研究與驗證
★ 以DEA模型分析桃園郵局之營運績效	★ 奢侈稅實施對都會地區房價之衝擊反應分析

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

研發活動是技術變遷或進步的主要動力，研發成果則具體地表現於專利之內，研究專利以及各項專利所衍生的資訊，對專利所有權人而言，有助於衡量專利的技術價值，進而評估專利的存續價值，作為是否維持專利效力的決策考量，而對專利的外部人來說，則可以藉此了解技術內容，有助知識的擴散以及科技的結合，避免侵犯他人權利和重覆投資研發相同之技術，防止資源浪費；研究特定廠商所擁有或特定技術領域內之專利，可解析廠商的技術能力及相對比較優勢，結合專利資訊輔助分析，則可觀察不同專利佈局或技術定位的廠商，所呈現不同的專利維護行為。
專利資訊係由各種與專利有關的資料組成，包括特定專利的引證及被引證關係、專利維護紀錄、專利家族、專利權人國籍等；過去一般研究著重於直接運用專利統計(patent statistic)和可量化之專利資訊做為研究專利維護機率的影響因子，甚少將專利資訊根據廠商整體技術能力或產業面的角度切入，做為分析專利維護的影響因子。因此，本研究擬運用技術計量指標(technometric indicators)來衡量特定產業內廠商「於不同技術類別的相對發展傾向」以及其在產業內的「技術衝擊態勢」，前者係以廠商所獲得的專利數為基礎，為廠商可自主發起的範疇，視為廠商層面由專利屬量(quantity-based)資料所轉化而得的專利資訊影響因子，並以專利相對優勢(Revealed Patent Advantage, RPA)為代表，後者則由廠商專利被引證次數轉化而來，被引證次數為專利對未來產業的影響(impact)觀察指標，專利被引證相對優勢(Revealed Patent Forward Citation Advantage, RPCA )，可視為產業層面由專利屬質(quality-based)資料所轉化而得的專利資訊影響因子；經由分別將此兩種廠商面以及產業面的相對偏重強弱指標與傳統專利層面的資訊結合，研究專利維護的影響變數及其影響程度和顯著性。
本研究避免僅利用專利引證資訊或其他專利層面的可量化資訊，作為預測專利存續期間的方法，所可能造成的偏誤與邏輯不完整，兼顧考量廠商層面與產業層面的特徵，將原本由圍繞著專利所觀察出來的專利資訊，屬於「點」的資料，擴大到廠商本身技術專利佈局偏好或優勢的分析，構成屬於廠商內部「線」的訊息，輔以廠商實質對產業的相對影響力分析，將之視為廠商外部完整「面」的訊息，藉由將資料依時間先後分期，希冀能夠完成具考量時間因素的「立體」研究模型。
本研究之價值在於超越一般僅著重專利層面之變因的先前研究，結合廠商技術發展面相對差異之變因，以及產業面所呈現的影響力資訊，探討各種專利資訊及廠商技術定位對專利維護決策結果之影響，俾利企業或產業界從廠商內部或外部，評估技術發展方針及專利佈局或維護決策。

摘要(英)

Research and development, R&D, is one of the most vital strategies that firms have to make nowadays. Patents are generally regarded as the accomplishments of R&D activities. A patent provides the right to exclude others from utilizing the patented invention and hence creates a legal monopoly.
Patent information is obtained from patent documents. It includes patent forward citation, backward citation, patent family, assignee’s nationality and etc. Patenting decisions made by the assignee form the characteristics of a firm’s technological positioning profile, which is described by calculating the relative technological or patent advantages in specific areas. Patent citation is required by the patent office before a patent is granted in order to check that the innovation is new. Besides patents granted, citations to patents symbolize the impacts of the firm on the industries.
The research analyzed the effects of basic patent information, firm level evaluation of technological positions, and industry level of technological impacts upon patent maintenance decision. It is demonstrated that patents owned by firms of higher relative competitiveness in the early stage survive longer than other patents do. It is also found that firms with higher industry influence tend to be more likely to renew their patents.

關鍵字(中)

★ Ordered Probit Model
★ 太陽能
★ 技術發展定位
★ 專利引證
★ 專利資訊
★ 專利維護

關鍵字(英)

★ Ordered Probit Model
★ solar power
★ patent renewal
★ technological impact
★ technological position
★ patent citation
★ patent information
★ patent duration
★ photovoltaic

論文目次

第一章緒論
第一節研究動機與目的……………………………………………1
第二節研究方法與資料來源………………………………………2
第三節本文架構……………………………………………………5
第二章文獻回顧
第一節專利資訊與專利計量學之應用……………………………7
2.1.1 專利與專利資訊的內………………………………………7
2.1.2 專利計量學之應用………………………………………10
2.1.3 本研究擬採用之專利資訊………………………………12
2.1.4 相關文獻回顧……………………………………………15
第二節廠商研究發展與專利……………………………………16
2.2.1 研究發展之定義與目的………… ………………………17
2.2.2.研究發展與專利…………………………………………18
第三節專利計量指標與廠商技術定位…………………………20
2.3.1 專利組合與專利計數之技術定位方法…………………20
2.3.1.1 取得專利的動機………………………………………20
2.3.1.2 廠商技術定位方法……………………………………22
2.3.2 產業衝擊與專利被引證計數之產業影響力衡量方法…23
2.3.2.1 專利被引證與技術衝擊………………………………23
2.3.2.2 廠商之產業衝擊衡量方法……………………………24
第四節專利維護決策與機率……………………………………25
2.4.1 探討影響專利維護次數的決定因子……………………26
2.4.2 以專利維護次數為自變數之研究………………………28
2.4.3 專利制度之設計…………………………………………29
第三章模型設定與變數說明
第一節專利維護機率模型………………………………………31
第二節技術計量指標……………………………………………34
3.2.1 專利個數與廠商技術定位………………………………35
3.2.2 專利引證與產業相對影響力……………………………36
第三節樣本資料分析……………………………………………37
3.3.1 資料來源…………………………………………………37
3.3.2 變數說明………………………………………………38
第四章實證分析
第一節專利維護機率模型之實證………………………………41
4.1.1 專利資訊影響因子之實證………………………………41
第二節技術計量指標與專利維護………………………………44
4.2.1 廠商技術定位之實證……………………………………44
4.2.2 產業相對影響力之實證…………………………………47
第五章結論
第一節研究結論…………………………………………………50
5.1.1 從專利層面………………………………………………50
5.1.2 廠商層面…………………………………………………51
5.1.3 產業層面…………………………………………………52
第二節研究限制與未來研究方向………………………………52
參考文獻
中文部分………………………………………………………………54
英文部分………………………………………………………………55

參考文獻

中文部分
一、工業技術研究院電腦與通訊工業研究所，法務智權園地，民國88年。
二、林螢瑄，薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器相關技術之專利計量研究，未出版碩士學位論文摘要，國立台灣大學圖書資訊學研究所，民國93年。
三、吳幸枝，運用專利分析方法建構技術創新能力評量模型，未出版碩士學位論文，元智大學企業管理研究所，民國93年。
四、陳達仁，黃慕萱，專利資訊與專利檢索，pp.13及pp.27-34，文華圖書，台北市，民國93年。
五、楊志海，技術來源、創新與生產力，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所，博士論文，民國88年。
英文部分
1. Acs, Z.J., Varga, A., and Anselin, L. “Patent and Innovation Counts as Measures of Regional Production of New Knowledge.” Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.1069-1085, 2002.
2. Albert, M. B., D. Avery, P. McAllister, and F. Narin. ”Direct Validation of Citation Counts as Indicators of Industrially Important Patents.” Research Policy, Vol. 20, pp.251-259, 1991.
3. Allison, John R., Mark A. Lemley, Kimberly A. Moore, and R. Derek Trunkey. “Valuable Patents.” 92 Geo. L.J: 435, 2004.
4. Basberg, Bjorn L. “Patents and the Measurement of Technological Change: A Survey of the Literature.” Research Policy, Vol. 16, pp.131-141, 1987.
5. Baudry, Marc, Beatrice Dumont. “Patent Renewals as Options: Improving the Mechanism for Weeding Out Lousy Patents.” Review of Industrial Organization Vol. 28, pp.41-62, 2006.
6. Bradley, C. Lytle, Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier, and Peustadt, P.C. “Devising a Patent Strategy.” NCIIA's 4th Annual Conference.
7. Cantwell, J.A. “Corporate Technological Specialisation in International Industries.” M.C. Casson and J. Creedy (eds.), Industrial Concentration and Economic Inequality. Edward Elgar: Oxford, 1993.
8. Carpenter, M. P., F. Narin, and P. Woolf. “Citation Rates toTechnologically Important Patents.” World Patent Information, Vol. 3(4), pp.160-163, 1981.
9. Chen, C., D. Hicks. “Tracing Knowledge Diffusion.” Scientometrics, Vol. 59, pp.199-211, 2004.
10. Cohen, Wesley M., Richard R. Nelson, and John P. Walsh. “Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or NOT).” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7552, 2000.
11. Debackere, Koenraad, Arnold Verbeek, Marc luwel and Edwin Zimmermann. “Measuring Progress and Evolution in Science and Technology – II: The Multiple Uses of Technometric Indicators.” International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp.213-231, 2002.
12. Donila N. “Strategic Evaluation And Selection of R&D Projects.” R&D management, Vol. 19, pp.47-62, 1989.
13. Egghe, L. and Rousseau, R. “Quantitative Methods in Library, Documentation and Information Science”, Introduction to Informetrics, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.203-290, 1990.
14. Environics. "Canadian Biotechnology Community's Practices, Attitudes and Opinions Regarding the Research Exemption and Methods of Medical Treatment Exemption in Canadian Patent Law." Draft Report. Dec.2000.
15. Ernst, H., “Patent Applications and Subsequent Changes of Performance: Evidence from Time-series Cross-section Analyses on the Firm Level.” Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp.143-157, 2001.
16. Ernst, H. “Patent Portfolios for Strategic Technology Management.” World Patent Information, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp.233-242, 2003.
17. Espina, Mariza I. “To Renew or not to Renew…: An Empirical Study of Patent Valuation and Maintenance by the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry.” Diss. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Nov. 2002
18. Freeman, C. The Economics of Industrial Innovation, 2nd ed, Frances Printer Limited, 1982.
19. Gans, Joshua, Stephen P. King, and Ryan Lampe. “Patent Renewal Fee and Self-funding Patent Offices.” Faculty of Law: The University of Melbourne, Research Paper No.64., 2004.
20. Greene, William H. Econometric Analysis, (4th ed.), Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall., 2000.
21. Griliches, Zvi. ”Appropriating the Returns From Industrial Research and Development: Comments and Discussion.” Brookings Pap. Econ. Act., pp.824-829, 1987.
22. Griliches, Zvi., ”Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators.” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 28, pp.1661-1707, 1990.
23. Griliches, Zvi., Bronwyn H. Hall, Ariel Pakes. ”R&D, Patents, and Market Value Revisited: Is There a Second (technological opportunity) Factor?” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vo1. 3, pp.183-201, 1991.
24. Grupp, Hariolf, “Foundations of the Economics of Innovation.” Cheltenham/ Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998.
25. Grupp, Hariolf, Ulrich Schmoch. “Patent Statistics in the Age of Globalization: New Legal Procedures, New Analytical Methods, New Economic Interpretation.” Research Policy, Vol. 28(4), pp.377-396, 1999.
26. Hagedoorn, John, Myriam Cloodt. “Measuring Innovative Performance: Is There an Advantage in Using Multiple Indicators?” Research Policy, Vol. 32, pp.1365- 1379, 2003.
27. Hall, Bronwyn H. “Industrial Research During the 1980s: Did the Rate of Return Fall?” University of California ar Berkeley, Economics Working Papers No. 93-217, 1993.
28. Hall, Bronwyn H., Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg. “The NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3094, 2001.
29. Hall, Bronwyn H., Rosemarie Ham Ziedonis. “The Patent Paradox Revisited: Determinants of Patenting in the US Semiconductor Industry, 1980-94.” NBER Working Paper No. 7062, Mar. 1999.
30. Hall, Bronwyn H., Rosemarie Ham Ziedonis. “The Patent Paradox Revisited: an Empirical Study of Patenting in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry, 1979-1995.” The Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.101-28, 2001.
31. Harhoff, Dietmar, F. Narin, F. M. Scherer, K. Vopel. “Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Innovation.” Social Science Research Center, Berlin, Discussion Paper no. 97-26, 1997.
32. Hausman , Jerry, Hall, Bronwyn H., Griliches, Zvi. “Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to The Patents-R&D Relationship.” Econometrica, Vol. 52, Issue 4, p.909, Jul. 1984
33. Hinze, S. “Mapping of Structures in Science and Technology: Bibliometric analyses for Policy Purposes.” Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Leiden: DSWO Press, 1997.
34. Hoang, Ha. "The Consequences of Network Participation for Acquisition and Alliance Activity in the Biotechnology Industry." Academy of Management Proceedings, Lloyd N. Dosier and J. Bernard Keys. Academy of Management, pp.267-271, 1997.
35. Jaffe, A. B. “Characterizing the “Technological Position” of firms, with application to quantifying technological opportunity and research spillovers.” Research Policy, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.87-97, 1989.
35. Jaffe, A.B. “The U.S. Patent System in Transition: Policy Innovation and the Innovation Process.” Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp.403-423, 2000.
36. Jaffe, A. B., M. S. Fogarty, B. A. Banks. “Evidence From Patents and Patent Citations on the Impact of NASA and Other Federal Labs on Commercial Innovation”, Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 46, pp.183-204, 1998.
37. Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg. “International Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 8, pp.105-136, 1999.
38. Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg, Michael Fogarty. “The Meaning of Patent Citation：Report of the NBER/Case Western Reserve Survey of Patentee.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, Apr. 2000.
39. Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg, R. Henderson. “Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108, pp.577-598, 1993.
40. Karki, M. M. S. “Patent Citation Analysis：A Policy Analysis Tool.” World Patent Information, Vol. 19, No.4, pp.269-272, 1997.
41. Khan, B. Zorina. “The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1970-1920.” New York: Cambridge University, Jun. 2004.
42. Lanjouw, Jean O., Ariel Pakes, Jonathan Putnam. ”How to Count Patents and Value Intellectual Property: Uses of Patent Renewal and Application Data.” The Journey of Industrial Economics, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp.405-433, 1998.
43. Lanjouw, Jean O., Josh Lerner. ”Tilting the Table? The Use of Preliminary Injunctions.” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 44, No.2, pp.573-603, 2001.
44. Lanjouw, Jean O., Mark A. Schankerman. “Patent Quality and Research Productivity: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators.” The Economic Journal, p.p.441-465, Apr. 2004.
45. Lanjouw, Jean O., Mark A. Schankerman. “Research Productivity and Patent Quality: Measurement with Multiple Indicators.” CEPR Discussion Paper DP3623, 1999.
46. Lemley, M. A. ”Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office.” Northwest University Law Review, Vol. 95(4), pp.1495-1532, 2001.
47. Lerner, Josh. “Patenting in the Shadow of Competitors.” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 38, No.2, pp.463-495, Oct. 1995.
48. Levin, Richard C., Alvin K. Klevorick, Richard R. Nelson, Sidney G. Winter. “Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity(3), pp.783-820, 1987.
49. Malerba, F., L. Orsenigo, and et al. “Persistence of Innovative Activities, Sectoral Patterns of Innovation and International Technological Specialization.” International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 15, pp.801–826, 1997.
50. Mansfield, Edwin ”Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study.” Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.173-181, 1986.
51. Mansfield, Edwin, Mark Schwartz, Samuel Wagner. “Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study”, The Economic Journal, pp.907-918, 1981.
52. Martin, B.R. “The Use of Multiple Indicators in the Assessment of Basic Research.” Scientometrics, Vol. 36, pp.343-362, 1996.
53. Maurseth, Per Botolf. “Lovely but Dangerous: The Impact of Patent Citations on Patent Duration.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 14, pp.351-374, 2005.
54. McMahon, Eileen M., and Shonagh M. McVean, 2001. Canadian Biotech and Intellectual Property Report 2000. Donahue, Ernst & Young.
55. Mergers, R. ”As many as Six Impossible Patents Before Breakfast: Property Right for Business Concepts and Patent System Reforms.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 14, pp.577- 615, 1999.
56. Meyer, M. “Does Science Push Technology? Patents Citing Scientific Literature.” Research Policy, Vol. 29, pp.409-434, 2000.
57. Meyer, M. “Tracing Knowledge Flows in Innovation Systems.” Scientometrics, Vol. 54, pp. 193-212, 2002.
58. Narin, F., K. S. Hamilton. “Bibliometric Performance Measures.” Scientometrics, Vol. 36. pp.293-310, 1996.
59. Narin, F., K. S. Hamilton, D. Olivastro. “The Increasing Linkage between U.S. Technology and Public Science.” Research Policy, Vol. 26, pp.317-330, 1997.
60. Pakes, Ariel, Margaret Simpson. “ The Analysis of Patent Renewal Data.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, pp.331-410, 1991.
61. Pakes, Ariel, Margaret Simpson, Kenneth Judd, and Edwin Mansfield. “ Patent Renewal Data.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, pp.331-410, 1989.
62. Pakes, Ariel, Mark Schankerman. “The Rate of Obsolescence of Knowledge, Research Gestation Lags, and the Private Rate of Return to Research Resources.” Z. Griliches (Ed.,), Patents, R&D, and Productivity, The University of Chicago Press., pp.73-88, 1984.
63. Pazderka, Bohumir, and Klaus Stegemann. ” Patent Policy and the Diffusion of Pharmaceutical Innovation.” Queen’s University, p.10.
64. Rivette, K. G., & Kline, D. “Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents.” Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2000.
65. Romijn, H., Albaladejo, M. “Determinants of Innovation Capability in Small Electronics and Software Firms in Southeast England.” Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.1053-1067, 2002.
66. Scherer, Frederic M. “The Propensity to Patent.” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1983
67. Schmoch, U. “Evaluation of Technological Strategies of Company by means of MDS Maps”, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 10, pp.426-440, 1995.
68. Schmookler, J. ”Invention and Economic Growth.” Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.
69. Schubert, A. and Braun, T. “Relative Indicators and Relational Charts for Comparative Assessment of Publication Output and Citation Impact.” Scientometrics, Vol.9, pp.281-291, 1986.
70. Scotchmer, Suzanne. “On the Optimality of the Patent Renewal System.” RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 30(2), pp.181-196, 1999.
71. Shane, H. L. “The Essays in Empirical Finance on High-Technology Firms (Biotechnology, Asymmetric Information, Food and Drug Administration, Semiconductor Industry).” Diss., University of Pennsylvania [UMI], 1995
72. Shankerman, M., A. Pakes. “Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in European Countries during the Post-1950 Period.” Economic Journal, Vol. 96, pp.1052-1077, 1986.
73. Silberston, A., C. T. Taylor. “The Economic Impact of the Patent System: A study of the British Experience.” University Press(Cambridge), 1973.
74. Smith, L.C. ”Citation Analysis.” Bibliometrics, Library Trends, Vol. 30(1), 1981.
75. Soete, L.G., Wyatt, S.M.E. “The Use of Foreign Patenting as an Internationally Comparable Science and Technology Output Indicator.” Scientometrics, Vol. 5(1), pp.31-54, 1983.
76. Stock, Wolfgang G., Sonja Weber, Dusseldorf. Http://www.phil-fak.uni- duesseldorf.de/ infowiss/admin/public_dateien/files/33/1166707270sonjaweber.pdf.
77. Swope, Michael J, Thomas E Watson. “Forming Effective Patent Strategies for New Technologies.” Woodcock Washburn LLP, Philadelphia.
78. Thomas, Patrick. ”The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions”, Technology analysis & strategic management, Vol. 11(2), pp.181-197, 1999.
79. Tijssen, R. J. W. “Global and Domestic Utilization of Industrial Relevant Science: Patent Citation Analysis of Science-Technology Interactions and Knowledge Flows”, Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp.35-54, 2001.
80. Tijssen, R. J. W. “Science Dependence of Technologies: Evidence from Inventions and Their Innovations.” Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.509-526, 2002
81. Tong, X., Frame, J.D. “Measuring National Technological Performance with Patent Claims Data.” Research Policy, Vol. 23, pp.133-141, 1994.
82. Trajtenberg, Manuel. “A Penny for Your Quotes：Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations”, RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 21(1), p.172, Spring 1990.
83. Verbeek, Arnold, Koenraad Debackere, Marc Luwel, and Edwin Zimmermann. “Measuring Progress and Evolution in Science and Technology – I: The Multiple Uses of Technometric Indicators.” International Journal of management Reviews, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp.179-211, 2002.
84. Wijk, L.V. “Measuring The Effectiveness of A Company’s Patent Assets.” les Nouvelles, pp.25-33, 2000.

指導教授

陳忠榮(Jong-Rong Chen)

審核日期

2008-7-21

推文