以行為及事件相關腦電位探討處理層次與聯結性登錄方式對記憶連結錯誤之影響

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李冠樵(Kuan-Chiao Lee) 查詢紙本館藏

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認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

以行為及事件相關腦電位探討處理層次與聯結性登錄方式對記憶連結錯誤之影響
(The Effects of Processing Depth and Association on Memory Conjunction Errors: Behavioral and ERP Studies)

相關論文

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摘要(中)

本研究結合記憶聯結錯誤的實驗典範與「記得/知道」程序，於登錄階段操弄處理層次與聯結性作業，比較重拾記憶(recollection)與熟悉感(familiarity)在不同登錄情境所產生之記憶聯結錯誤所扮演角色，並於記憶提取階段紀錄事件相關腦電位(event-related brain potentials, ERPs)，結合行為與電生理資料探討比較記憶聯結錯誤的「處理歷程解釋」以及「記憶表徵解釋」。實驗1採用受試者間設計，在深層處理（實驗1-1）與淺層處理（實驗1-2）的登錄情境下，操弄聯結性登錄的方式（聯結性處理 vs.非聯結性處理）：深層聯結組的受試者對學習項目進行造句難易度判斷；深層非聯結組則對學習項目進行造詞難易度判斷；淺層聯結組對學習項目中的兩個刺激字進行筆畫比較判斷；淺層非聯結組則需對學習項目中的兩個刺激字分別進行筆畫判斷。在隨後的測驗階段，受試者對舊項目(old item)、聯結項目(conjunction item)、部件項目(feature item)以及新項目(new item) 四類測驗刺激進行「新/舊」判斷，並對做出「舊」反應的項目進行「記得/知道」的判斷。實驗1結果顯示，在深層處理的情況下，聯結性登錄方式影響聯結項目的「記得」反應，此結果與「記憶表徵解釋」的預測相符。而在淺層處理的情況下，聯結性登錄方式則對聯結項目的「記得」與「知道」的判斷均未造成影響，表示聯結性登錄方式對於聯結錯誤引發重拾記憶的影響會隨著處理層次而有所不同。實驗2使用和實驗1-1相同的設計，並同時記錄受試者的電生理訊號。實驗2的行為結果與實驗1-1一致，亦即聯結項目的「記得」反應多寡會受到聯結性登錄方式的影響。然而，實驗2的電生理結果卻與行為結果並不一致：聯結錯誤所引發與重拾記憶相關的頂葉新舊效果，並未受到聯結性登錄方式的調節；而聯結錯誤所引發與熟悉感相關的中額葉新舊效果，卻會受到聯結性登錄的方式所調節，表示「記得/知道」判斷與相關電位新舊效果兩種測量方式在本質上是不相同的。儘管在行為與電生理結果的不一致，「記憶表徵解釋」較能對實驗1與實驗2的結果提出合理解釋。因此，記憶聯結錯誤的發生可能有部分成因來自於登錄階段時刺激部件的結合歷程。

摘要(英)

This study incorporated memory conjunction error paradigm and Remember/Know procedure to investigate whether depth of processing and associative encoding modulate the false recollection in memory conjunction errors. In Experiment 1 processing depth (deep vs. shallow) and associative encoding (associative vs. non-associative) were manipulated at study. At test, subjects made old/new judgments to old, conjunction, feature, and new testing items. The Remember/know procedure was also employed. It was found that the Remember response to conjunction item was modulated by associative vs. non-associative encoding (Experiment 1-1), a result that was consistent with the Representational account. The manipulation of associative vs. non-associative was however absent under the shallow encoding condition (Experiment 1-2). Experiment 2 adopted the same procedure as Experiment 1-1 and ERPs were recorded at test. The behavioral results shown in Experiment 1-1 were replicated in Experiment 2. However, there were inconsistencies between behavioral and ERP data. In spite of more Remember responses for conjunction items in non-associative condition in comparison to associative condition, the parietal effect thought to index recollection-based recognition was of similar magnitudes for conjunction errors in these two conditions. In contrast, the mid-frontal effect, thought to reflect familiarity processes in recognition, was different for conjunction errors in the two conditions. The discrepancy between Remember/Know data and ERP data suggests that these two measures may not index recollection and familiarity in the same way. Despite this discrepancy, Representation account still provides more reasonable explanation for the results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Consequently, the failure of binding stimuli parts during encoding may be the partial cause for the occurrence of memory conjunction errors.

關鍵字(中)

★ 事件相關腦電位
★ 重拾記憶
★ 熟悉感歷程

關鍵字(英)

★ ERPs
★ familiarity
★ recollection

論文目次

中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… ii
誌謝辭………………………………………………………………………………iii
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………vii
表目錄…………………………………………………………………………… viii
第一章記憶聯結錯誤 1
1.1 緒論 1
1.2記憶聯結錯誤（Memory Conjunction Errors）的研究 1
1.3 解釋記憶聯結錯誤的理論與支持證據 3
1.3.1 「記憶表徵解釋」的觀點 3
1.3.2 「處理歷程解釋」的觀點 10
1.4 小結 13
1.5處理層次（Levels of Processing） 14
1.6 聯結性登錄（Associative Encoding） 16
1.7 總結 23
第二章記憶聯結錯誤的事件相關電位研究 25
2.1 事件相關電位 25
2.2再認記憶提取階段的事件相關電位研究 26
2.2.1 早期額葉區新舊效果(The Early Frontal Old/New Effect) 27
2.2.2 左頂葉區新舊效果(Left Parietal Old/New Effect) 28
2.2.3 右額葉區新舊效果(Right Frontal Old/New Effect) 30
2.2.4 晚期負向波型新舊效果(Late Negativity Old/New Effect) 32
2.3 處理層次的事件相關電位研究 34
2.4 聯結性登錄的事件相關電位研究 35
2.5 記憶聯結錯誤的事件相關電位研究 37
第三章實驗1-1（行為實驗） 39
3.1 實驗方法 40
3.2 實驗1-1結果與討論 44
3.2.1 困難度判斷（學習階段） 45
3.2.2 新舊判斷（測驗階段） 46
3.2.3 記得知道判斷（測驗階段） 48
3.3 小結（實驗1-1） 53
第四章實驗1-2（行為實驗） 54
4.1 實驗方法 54
4.2 實驗1-2結果與討論 55
4.2.1 學習階段 56
4.2.2 新舊判斷（測驗階段） 57
4.2.3 記得知道判斷 58
4.3 小結（實驗1-2） 60
4.4 實驗1-1與實驗1-2結果合併與討論 62
4.4.2 新舊判斷 62
4.4.3 記得知道判斷 63
4.5 總結 65
第五章實驗2（事件相關電位研究） 67
5.1 實驗方法 67
5.2 實驗結果 70
5.2.1 行為資料分析 70
5.2.2 ERP振幅分析 76
5.3 討論 97
5.3.1行為結果 97
5.3.2 ERP結果 99
第六章綜合討論 102
6.1 實驗結果與討論 102
6.2 結論 110
參考文獻 112
附錄 118
附錄一：學習階段指導語（DA組） 118
附錄二：學習階段指導語（DN組） 119
附錄三：學習階段指導語（SA組） 120
附錄四：學習階段指導語（SN組） 121
附錄五：測驗階段指導語 122
附錄六：實驗刺激材料 123
附錄七：ERP波形分析所包含的電極在頭皮上分佈示意圖 131

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指導教授

鄭仕坤(Shih-kuen Cheng)

審核日期

2008-12-4

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