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姓名	莊瀚伯(Han-bo Zhuang)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	機械工程學系
論文名稱	聲能激振式植牙術後骨缺損與骨整合評估研究
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摘要(中)	牙科植體-齒槽骨界面骨整合發展為考量術後置放假牙之重要因素，若骨整合不佳，通常伴隨骨缺損現象出現，致使界面穩固度降低，造成手術失敗，故諸多研究對此開發檢測技術與裝置，但迄今仍無法提供決定術後成敗之診斷標準，且各法亦存在限制及缺點。本研究提出非接觸式聲能激振-位移響應量測技術，並進行體外/體內測試，體外實驗方面，設計各類單/對側骨缺損模型與邊界固定高度，待癒合帽鎖附且固定於金屬虎鉗座後量測，利用喇叭產生聲能掃頻訊號激振模型，電容式位移計接收振動響應訊號，取得響應頻譜之第一峰值共振頻率，經統計分析，探討共振頻率、缺損結構與邊界固定條件之關係，該結果亦與市售檢測儀ISQ及有限元素模擬值比較，可知：單/對側缺損之垂直深度增加，共振頻率下降，虎鉗固定高度增加，各模型頻率上升，皆具顯著差異；另共振頻率變化與ISQ值具高相關性，且數值模態分析之共振頻率亦呈現相同變化趨勢。體內動物實驗方面，將有無表面塗佈處理之兩植體，嵌入白兔左脛骨並鎖附癒合帽後縫合，於骨整合過程，以自行發展技術與市售檢測儀量測比較，結果經統計分析後知：兩植體之側向頻率高於軸向，未塗佈1號植體於第24週量測之軸向頻率比第16週高，已塗佈之2號植體側向頻率高於1號，具顯著差異，證明本技術檢測值可反映骨整合情況，且表面處理可促進其發展；另1號側向/2號側軸向於兩週量測頻率比較、兩植體軸向頻率比較與第24週ISQ值差異不明顯處，需規劃詳細動物實驗探討確認。因此，本研究建立之非接觸式量測技術，可有效評估體外骨缺損，亦能初步檢測體內骨整合，並改善現存技術接觸式激振和質量負載效應影響，後續將改善相關量測問題，搭配體內/外測試驗證，期能使該技術完備，協助醫師術後診斷及病患即時監測，降低植牙手術失敗風險。
摘要(英)	Several methods have been developed and applied to assess the interfacial situations after the dental implantation, but so far they are not able to provide the diagnostic standard for determining the success and the failure of the surgery. This study, establishing a newly noncontact resonance frequency (RF) detection technique, uses the procedure to perform bone defect and osseointegration evaluation in the implant-bone interface. Based on our method, the implant-bone structure was excited by the acoustic energy of a loudspeaker, and its vibration response was acquired with a capacitance displacement sensor. The spectral analysis was used to characterize the first peak RF value. Two types of in vitro defect models, single vertical dehiscence (SVD) and opposite vertical dehiscence (OVD), were 4 and 8 mm in depth and made for verification. The measurements of RF with each model being clamped in four heights (9, 10, 11, and 12 mm) were performed in their defect directions (0°, 45° and 90°), respectively. Afterward the finite element (FE) modal analysis was applied to determine mode shapes as well as their corresponding RFs of these bone defect models and compared simulated results with measuring RFs. Besides, two implants (1: coating, 2: non coating) were embedded in the left tibia of one rabbit. This noncontact method was used to perform the preliminary osseointegration detection and measured the RFs of the tibia in the lateral as well as the axial direction. Each in vitro and in vivo model was also checked by using an Osstell Mentor. The obtained two parameters, RF and ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient), were tested statistically by the ANOVA and the linear regression analysis for comparisons. In the in vitro test, the RFs and the ISQs of all defect models in four clamp heights decrease significantly (p < 0.05) along with the increase of the defect quantity; and the two parameters of each imperfection increase significantly (p < 0.05) when the clamp height increases. The RFs of SVD models linearly correlate with their corresponding ISQs in four clamp heights and two measuring orientations (0° and 90°). The numerical RF variations also present the same trend along with the changing of the defect structure and the surrounding boundary condition. Additionally, in the in vivo test, the RFs of two implants in the lateral direction are higher than that in the axial direction (p < 0.05). The axial RFs of the implant 1 in the 24 week are higher than that in the 16 week, and the lateral RFs of the implant 2 are higher than those of the implant 1 (p < 0.05). Other unapparent differences in some RF and ISQ detection need detailed animal experiments to confirm. Therefore, our technique can estimate availably the interfacial imperfection/osseointegration and is feasible for the assessment of the postoperative healing around a dental implant.
關鍵字(中)	★ 牙科植體 ★ 骨缺損 ★ 骨整合 ★ 非接觸式檢測 ★ 共振頻率分析 ★ 有限元素分析 ★ 動物實驗	關鍵字(英)	★ Dental implant ★ Bone defect ★ Osseointegration ★ Noncontact detection ★ Resonance frequency analysis ★ Finite element analysis ★ Animal experiment
論文目次	摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝 iv 目錄 vii 圖目錄 ix 表目錄 xii 一、緒論 1 1-1 研究背景與動機 1 1-1-1 植體術後骨整合 2 1-1-2 植體術後穩固度 3 1-1-3 植體術後骨缺損 3 1-2 文獻回顧 8 1-2-1 前臨床生物力學評估 8 1-2-2 臨床生物力學評估 9 1-2-3 體外與體內實驗回顧 11 1-2-4 植體數值分析回顧 15 1-3 研究範疇 17 二、牙科植體-齒槽骨結構振動與數值分析 18 2-1 植體-齒槽骨結構振動行為 18 2-2 有限元素模態分析設定與求解 24 三、骨缺損/骨整合評估之實驗量測與數值模擬 26 3-1 骨缺損/骨整合實驗模型設計規劃 26 3-1-1 體外骨缺損模型 26 3-1-2 體內骨整合模型 28 3-2 非接觸聲能激振式量測方法與架構 29 3-2-1 體外骨缺損實驗 29 3-2-2 體內骨整合實驗 30 3-3 體外骨缺損有限元素模型建構與分析 31 四、骨缺損/骨整合評估之實驗分析結果與討論 34 4-1 體外骨缺損檢測 34 4-1-1 非接觸式聲能激振-位移響應量測結果 34 4-1-2 有限元素模態分析結果 45 4-2 體內骨整合檢測 55 五、植牙術後骨缺損/骨整合評估技術結論與未來工作 58 參考文獻 59 附錄 68 專有名詞 76 研究成果 79 個人簡歷 81 圖目錄 圖1：術後牙科植體-齒槽骨結構說明 1 圖2：植體界面骨整合說明 2 圖3：骨缺損之臨床分類 4 圖4：鄰近植體之骨缺損分類 5 圖5：Class I缺損 7 圖6：Class II缺損與人體自然發生之植體周圍炎骨缺損照片與X光片 7 圖7：口內植體骨整合生物力學評估方式示意圖 10 圖8：體內測試之慣性頻率響應函數 22 圖9：Yajima動態模型 23 圖10：頻率響應特性 23 圖11：非接觸聲能激振式植牙術後骨缺損/骨整合評估技術建構流程 26 圖12：人體左下顎解剖方向 27 圖13：各類體外骨缺損模型 28 圖14：白兔左脛骨植入手術 29 圖15：體外骨缺損實驗之非接觸聲能激振式量測架構 29 圖16：體內骨整合實驗之非接觸聲能激振式量測架構 31 圖17：體外骨缺損實體模型 31 圖18：各類骨缺損型態之實體模型(上視圖) 32 圖19：(a)體外骨缺損網格模型與(b)邊界條件設定(以OI型態為例) 33 圖20：0度方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 36 圖21：0度方向於各固定高度之對側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 36 圖22：45度方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 36 圖23：45度方向於各固定高度之對側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 37 圖24：90度方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 37 圖25：90度方向於各固定高度之對側缺損型態量測頻率長條圖 37 圖26：0度方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測ISQ長條圖 38 圖27：90度方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測ISQ長條圖 39 圖28：單/對側缺損變化之RF平均減少率長條圖(0度方向) 41 圖29：單/對側缺損變化之RF平均減少率長條圖(45度方向) 41 圖30：單/對側缺損變化之RF平均減少率長條圖(90度方向) 41 圖31：單側缺損變化之RF與ISQ平均減少率長條圖(0度方向) 42 圖32：單側缺損變化之RF與ISQ平均減少率長條圖(90度方向) 43 圖33：網格收斂性曲線(以0度方向、9 mm固定高度之OI型態進行分析) 46 圖34：0度方向自由側之各缺損模態振型 47 圖35：45度方向自由側之各缺損模態振型 48 圖36：45度方向固定側之各缺損模態振型 48 圖37：90度方向固定側之各缺損模態振型 48 圖38：0度方向自由側於各固定高度之單側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 50 圖39：45度方向自由側於各固定高度之單側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 50 圖40：45度方向固定側於各固定高度之單側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 51 圖41：90度方向固定側於各固定高度之單側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 51 圖42：0度方向自由側於各固定高度之對側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 51 圖43：45度方向自由側於各固定高度之對側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 52 圖44：45度方向固定側於各固定高度之對側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 52 圖45：90度方向固定側於各固定高度之對側缺損型態模擬頻率長條圖 52 圖46：白兔脛骨整合之RF量測結果 54 圖47：白兔脛骨整合之ISQ量測結果 55 圖48：植體嵌入白兔左脛骨手術照片 57 圖49：單側0°方向OI型態之響應訊號頻譜(1號模型，9 mm固定高度) 68 圖50：單側0°方向SVD4型態之響應訊號頻譜(1號模型，9 mm固定高度) 68 圖51：單側0°方向SVD8型態之響應訊號頻譜(1號模型，9 mm固定高度) 69 圖52：單側0°方向CD型態之響應訊號頻譜(1號模型，9 mm固定高度) 69 圖53：對側0°方向OI型態之響應訊號頻譜(3號模型，9 mm固定高度) 70 圖54：對側0°方向OVD4型態之響應訊號頻譜(3號模型，9 mm固定高度) 70 圖55：對側0°方向OVD8型態之響應訊號頻譜(3號模型，9 mm固定高度) 71 圖56：對側0°方向CD型態之響應訊號頻譜(3號模型，9 mm固定高度) 71 圖57：單側90°方向OI型態之響應訊號頻譜(4號模型，9 mm固定高度) 72 圖58：單側90°方向SVD4型態之響應訊號頻譜(4號模型，9 mm固定高度) 72 圖59：單側90°方向SVD8型態之響應訊號頻譜(4號模型，9 mm固定高度) 73 圖60：單側90°方向CD型態之響應訊號頻譜(4號模型，9 mm固定高度) 73 圖61：對側90°方向OI型態之響應訊號頻譜(6號模型，9 mm固定高度) 74 圖62：對側90°方向OVD4型態之響應訊號頻譜(6號模型，9 mm固定高度) 74 圖63：對側90°方向OVD8型態之響應訊號頻譜(6號模型，9 mm固定高度) 75 圖64：對側90°方向CD型態之響應訊號頻譜(6號模型，9 mm固定高度) 75 表目錄 表1：牙科植體骨整合之生物力學評估方式 10 表2：體外骨缺損實體模型之材料係數 33 表3：各缺損方向與固定高度之單側缺損型態量測頻率 35 表4：各缺損方向與固定高度之對側缺損型態量測頻率 35 表5：0與90度缺損方向於各固定高度之單側缺損型態量測ISQ值 38 表6：各缺損方向與固定高度之單側缺損變化RF減少率 40 表7：各缺損方向與固定高度之對側缺損變化RF減少率 40 表8：0與90度缺損方向於各固定高度之單側缺損變化ISQ減少率 42 表9：各固定高度之單側缺損RF及ISQ值線性迴歸分析結果(0與90度方向) 43 表10：各缺損方向與固定高度之單側缺損型態節點/元素數量 46 表11：各缺損方向與固定高度之對側缺損型態節點/元素數量 47 表12：各缺損方向與固定高度之單側缺損模態振型對應共振頻率 49 表13：各缺損方向與固定高度之對側缺損模態振型對應共振頻率 49 表14：各缺損方向與固定高度之單側缺損實驗與模擬頻率值誤差 53 表15：各缺損方向與固定高度之對側缺損實驗與模擬頻率值誤差 54
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指導教授	潘敏俊(Min-chun Pan)	審核日期	2013-7-18
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