藍尾翠鳳蝶(Papilio blumei)的結構色、光學特性

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羅美鈴(Mei-ling Lo) 查詢紙本館藏

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光電科學與工程學系

論文名稱

藍尾翠鳳蝶(Papilio blumei)的結構色、光學特性
(Research on the structural color, optical properties of Papilio blumei butterfly and biomimic technology)

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摘要(中)

本論文主要是探討藍尾翠鳳蝶(Papilio blumei)的成色機制與光學特性。因其翅膀上有兩種特殊的虹彩：分佈成帶狀且貫穿前後翅之綠色鱗片及位於後翅尾突之青色鱗片，引起我們的興趣。使用光學/電子顯微鏡觀察，可了解鱗片的表面輪廓與內部結構：發現鱗片表面為二維凹洞陣列，而內部為二維光子晶體結構，主要成分是由幾丁質及空氣共同組成的。如此微妙的凹洞二維光子晶體結構，造就了蝴蝶鱗片的特殊結構色及混光效果之成色機制、偏極轉換的光學特性。
此外，利用有限時域差分法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)模擬蝴蝶鱗片的二維光子晶體結構，藉由調變材料特性(消光係數)、結構(膜層厚度、孔洞寬度或堆疊層數)與光源入射角，可模擬出各種色相、亮度或飽和度的反射光譜。並對蝴蝶鱗片的成色機制有完整分析;掌握了結構與光譜的調變機制，可設計出紅、綠、藍三原色光譜，達到預期的色域範圍，應用於顯示器領域。再者，我們利用等效介質法將複雜的二維光子晶體結構，等效成一維多層膜結構，提供一個容易預測結構色的方式。據我們所知，在光源斜向入射下的擬真模擬反射光譜，及可調式二維光子晶體結構的設計應用，目前尚未有文獻完整提出。
除了基本特性量測與模擬設計外，本論文利用聚苯乙烯小球(polystyrene spheres)、感應耦合電漿離子蝕刻技術(Inductively coupled plasma etching)及雙電子槍蒸鍍法，成功仿造出蝴蝶鱗片的凹洞多層膜結構，並具有結構色與偏極轉換的光學特性。

摘要(英)

In this study, we aim on the research of iridescence green band and cyan tail of the wing on Papilio blumei Fruhstorferi butterfly. The wing scales consist of regular concave multilayer stack that are made from alternating chitin and chitin-air layers. The structural color found in biological systems has complicated nanostructure that it is difficult to determine its color mechanism. The FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) simulation method can help us to understand the mechanism responsible for structural color on butterfly’s wing. The variable optical constant of material, dimension of structure, and incident angle of light source lead to different reflectance spectrum. Analyze these reflectance spectra can help us to understand the hue, brightness and saturation of structural color on the butterfly wing. Those phenomena have inspired us to obtain tunable structural color by adjusting the dimension of the photonic crystal structure. Consequently, the structural color is the useful technology to reflective display application. Furthermore, the 2D photonic-crystal model can be replaced by an equivalent 1D multilayer model successfully by Bruggeman effective medium approximation. It implies the simple 1D model can be used to predict the butterfly’s color and the reflectance spectrum.
Finally, the concave multilayer replica of Papilio blumei butterflies were successfully fabricated mainly by the following three steps：polystyrene spheres self-assembly, electron-beam gun deposition and inductively coupled plasma etching. The concavities array of Papilio blumei butterflies was made from alternating high and low refractive indices multilayer stack (tantalum pentoxide and silicon dioxide). Therefore, the mimic structure, iridescence color and polarization rotation effect of Papilio blumei butterfly has been manufactured and analysed.

關鍵字(中)

★ 結構色
★ 虹彩
★ 蝴蝶
★ 光子晶體
★ 薄膜干涉
★ 顯示器

關鍵字(英)

★ structural color
★ iridescence
★ butterfly
★ photonic crystal
★ interference of thin-film
★ display

論文目次

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XII
第1章緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 文獻回顧 6
1-2-1 生物結構色的觀察 6
1-2-2 蝴蝶的色彩來源 7
1-2-3 蝴蝶鱗片結構 8
1-2-4 Urania型鱗片的模擬光譜 11
1-2-5 蝴蝶鱗片的光學特性與仿生技術 18
1-3 研究動機 23
1-4 論文架構 24
第2章理論 25
2-1 光子晶體(Photonic Crystal) 25
2-2 有限時域差分法 (Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method) 28
2-3 等效介質理論 32
2-4 多層膜干涉理論 33
2-5 色度座標 35
第3章儀器介紹 42
3-1 量測儀器與方法 42
3-1-1 光學顯微鏡 42
3-1-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡 45
3-1-3 積分球光譜儀 49
3-2 仿生結構製程儀器與方法 50
3-2-1 雙電子槍蒸鍍系統 50
3-2-2 蝕刻技術 52
第4章量測結果與結構-光學現象分析 54
4-1 蝴蝶介紹 54
4-2 翅膀鱗片的表面輪廓與顏色分佈 56
4-2-1 鱗片的SEM俯視圖 56
4-2-2 鱗片的光學顯微圖 58
4-2-3 鱗片的SEM剖面圖 61
4-3 顯微鏡量測結果分析 66
4-3-1 凹洞中的色彩分布 66
4-3-2 偏振轉換(polarization rotation)效應 66
4-4 反射率光譜圖與1931 CIE x-y色度座標圖 71
4-4-1 光源正向入射 71
4-4-2 光源斜向入射 72
第5章 Papilio blumei蝴蝶翅膀上鱗片結構的模擬結果與分析 75
5-1 二維光子晶體結構模擬 75
5-1-1 光學常數中的消光係數(k)對反射光譜造成的影響 78
5-1-2 調變幾丁質-空氣層厚度(da)之模擬反射光譜圖結果 79
5-1-3 調變空氣孔洞寬度(wa)之模擬反射光譜圖結果 81
5-1-4 調變堆疊層數(N)之模擬反射光譜圖結果 82
5-1-5 光源斜向入射下的反射光譜 83
5-1-6 等效一維多層膜結構 86
5-1-7 凹洞多層膜結構驗證混光現象 88
5-2 二維光子晶體結構模擬結果分析 90
5-2-1 色相（反射光譜的波峰位置） 91
5-2-2 亮度（反射光譜的強度） 93
5-2-3 飽和度（反射光譜的半高寬） 94
5-3 綠色與青色鱗片結構色彩產生機制的分析 96
5-4 利用可調式結構色來製作反射式RGB三原色 100
第6章蝴蝶仿生結構製程 102
6-1 實驗流程 102
6-1-1 PS小球陣列的前製作業 103
6-1-2 矽基板上凹洞陣列的製程 104
6-1-3 多層膜模堆的設計與製作 106
6-2 仿生實驗結果與分析 110
6-2-1 光譜特性 112
6-2-2 偏振轉換(polarization rotation)特性 113
第7章結論 115
參考文獻 117

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指導教授

李正中(Cheng-chung Lee)

審核日期

2014-5-29

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