北部氣膠超級測站近七年氣膠特性變化探討

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林琴軒(Chin-shan Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

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環境工程研究所

論文名稱

北部氣膠超級測站近七年氣膠特性變化探討
(Aerosol Characteristics at North Aerosol Supersite from 2002 to 2008)

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至系統瀏覽論文 ( 永不開放)

摘要(中)

由於大氣氣膠在時間尺度有快速變化特性，因此唯有進行氣膠連續監測，才得以解析氣膠的時間變化和污染來源。本文利用環保署北部氣膠超級測站2002年3月至2008年12月連續觀測數據，探討氣膠特性受環境因子及污染產生源的影響，研究議題包括探討近七年來氣膠特性變化、大陸冷高壓影響、二次有機碳生成量、車輛排放與光化學反應比較、特殊事件日(黃沙事件、節慶日及高濃度事件)氣膠特性、以及大氣能見度與氣膠消光等。
研究結果顯示，大多數氣膠成分都有逐年下降的趨勢，但硫酸鹽的變化趨勢是逐年上升，且在冬季會有最高值，夏季有最低值，但有機碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)與黑碳(BC)最低值發生在秋季。在秋季與冬季常有冷高壓事件、黃沙事件及高濃度事件的發生，冷高壓事件與黃沙事件若氣流傳輸過程中經過大陸沿岸，則PM2.5硫酸鹽濃度會大量增加。高濃度事件是以PM2.5日平均值大於50 μg m-3篩選，主要受到高壓迴流及高壓推擠天氣型態影響，前者會導致本地污染物累積後者則傳輸跨境污染物。另外，節慶日(春節、清明節、中元節及中秋節)如果沒有受到天氣影響，則民俗活動就會凸顯其影響。
每日各小時PM2.5二次有機碳是以每日早上6點至9點的(OC/EC)平均值進行估算，結果指出四季都會有二次有機碳的生成，大約占有機碳的10%至15%左右。比較機動車輛排放與光化學反應時段PM2.5成分發現，當每日臭氧最大濃度小於80 ppb時，機動車輛排放程度會比較嚴重；當每日臭氧最大濃度大於80 ppb時，光化學反應產生的污染程度則會比較嚴重。
以迴歸模式探討氣膠光學特性可以發現，氣膠消光係數主要是受到未量測的PM2.5成分、PM2.5硝酸鹽、PM2.5硫酸鹽、PM2.5 EC及相對溼度的影響；大氣能見度則是受到PM2.5硝酸鹽、PM2.5硫酸鹽及相對溼度影響。

摘要(英)

Owing to fast variations of atmospheric aerosol in temporal scale, aerosol time variations and source contributions can only be resolved by way of continuous monitoring. This study adopts continuous monitoring data ranged from March 2003 to December 2008 at the North Aerosol Supersite of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration to investigate the effects of environment factors and pollution sources on aerosol properties. The study subjects include aerosol property variations in recent seven years, the influence of continental high, formation of secondary organic carbons, comparisons of mobile vehicle emissions and photochemical reactions, aerosol properties in the selected events (Yellow Dust, Festivals, and high concentration), and atmospheric visibility affected by aerosol extinction.
The results show that the level of most aerosol components except for sulfate has a decreasing trend in years. In addition, most aerosol components apparently have the highest level in winter and with the lowest level in summer in a year. Nonetheless, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and black carbon (BC) exhibit their lowest concentrations in autumn. During years, continental cold-high event, Yellow Dust event, and high concentration event frequently occurred in autumn and winter. For continental cold-high event and Yellow Dust event, high PM2.5 sulfate level was observed when the air masses transport along the coastline of Mainland China. High concentration event is selected by having daily PM2.5 level above 50 μg m-3. This event is caused by weather type such as anticyclonic outflow or high-pressure pushing, the former renders local pollution accumulation and the latter transports trans-boundary pollutants to Taiwan. For days with festival activities (e.g., the Spring Festival, the Tomb-Sweeping Festival, the Mid-Summer Festival, and the Moon Festival), pollution is affected by festival activities if the weather does not interfere with pollutant behaviors.
Hourly PM2.5 secondary organic carbon was estimated by using (OC/EC) averages taken from 6:00 to 9:00 every morning. The estimated PM2.5 secondary organic carbon appeared in every season and accounted for 10 to 15% of OC. PM2.5 components between the time periods for mobile vehicle emissions and photochemical reactions are compared. Mobile vehicle emissions are found related to higher PM2.5 component concentrations when the daily ozone maximum level is below 80 ppb. In contrast, photochemical reactions are responsible for higher PM2.5 component concentrations when the daily ozone maximum level is above 80 ppb.
Regression analysis on aerosol optical property reveals that aerosol light-extinction is mainly affected by components not detected in PM2.5, PM2.5 nitrate, PM2.5 sulfate, PM2.5 EC, and relative humidity. For atmospheric visibility, it is influenced by PM2.5 nitrate, PM2.5 sulfate, and relative humidity.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣膠連續監測
★ 氣膠污染來源
★ 光化學反應
★ 高濃度污染事件
★ 氣膠光學特性

關鍵字(英)

★ aerosol optical property
★ high concentration event
★ photochemical reactions
★ Source contribution of aerosol
★ Continuous aerosol monitoring

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XII
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 大氣氣膠特性及變化 3
2.2 大氣變化特性及影響 4
2.3 長程傳輸污染 6
2.4 本地人為活動的影響 7
2.5 二次氣膠產生的估算 8
2.6 消光係數與能見度 9
第三章研究方法 11
3.1 研究架構及流程 11
3.2 監測站位置及周圍區域概述 14
3.3 連續監測儀器介紹及數據處理 15
3.3.1 連續自動儀器監測方法及原理 17
3.3.2 連續自動儀器的數據處理 19
3.4 數據篩選條件與分析方法 21
3.4.1 人工採樣與連續自動儀器數據篩選條件與分析方法 21
3.4.2 逐年氣膠特性變化的篩選條件與分析方法 22
3.4.3 冷高壓事件的篩選條件與分析方法 22
3.4.4 二次有機碳估算的篩選條件與分析方法 23
3.4.5 車輛排放與光化學反應比較的篩選條件與分析方法 23
3.4.6 特殊事件篩選條件與分析方法 24
3.4.7 能見度與消光係數關係的篩選條件與分析方法 25
第四章結果與討論 27
4.1 人工採樣及連續自動監測儀器的比對 27
4.1.1 PM10質量濃度 27
4.1.2 PM2.5質量濃度 28
4.1.3 硝酸鹽濃度 29
4.1.4 硫酸鹽濃度 30
4.1.5 有機碳成分濃度 32
4.1.6 元素碳成分濃度 33
4.2 逐年氣膠特性變化 35
4.2.1 PM10變化趨勢 40
4.2.2 PM2.5變化趨勢 42
4.2.3 PM2.5硝酸鹽變化趨勢 44
4.2.4 PM2.5硫酸鹽變化趨勢 46
4.2.5 PM2.5有機碳（OC）變化趨勢 49
4.2.6 PM2.5元素碳（EC）變化趨勢 51
4.2.7 PM2.5黑碳（BC）變化趨勢 54
4.2.8 氣膠體積濃度粒徑變化趨勢 56
4.3 大陸冷高壓對氣膠特性的逐年變化趨勢 57
4.4 二次有機碳的估算探討 64
4.4.1 每年二次有機碳的判定標準及逐年變化 64
4.4.2 二次有機碳估算 66
4.5 車輛排放與光化學反應對氣膠特性的逐年影響 73
4.6 特殊事件日的氣膠特性探討 94
4.6.1 黃沙事件氣膠特性的逐年變化 94
4.6.2 節慶日氣膠特性的逐年變化 103
4.6.3 高濃度事件氣膠特性的逐年變化 118
4.7 大氣能見度與氣膠消光以及氣體消光的時間關係 124
4.7.1 氣膠散光係數及吸光係數與氣膠總消光係數迴歸式建立 128
4.7.2 大氣能見度迴歸模式建立 144
第五章結論與建議 151
5.1 結論 151
5.2 建議 154
參考文獻 155
附錄1 2002年至2008年黃沙影響時間整理 162
附錄2-1 2002年至2008年春季不同臭氧濃度下的氣膠成分 165
附錄2-2 2002年至2008年夏季不同臭氧濃度下的氣膠成分 166
附錄2-3 2002年至2008年秋季不同臭氧濃度下的氣膠成分 167
附錄2-4 2002年至2008年秋季不同臭氧濃度下的氣膠成分 168
附錄3-1 平常日氣膠散光、吸光及總消光係數與污染物相關矩陣 169
附錄3-2 黃沙事件氣膠散光、吸光及總消光係數與污染物相關矩陣 170
附錄3-3 高濃度氣膠散光、吸光及總消光係數與污染物相關矩陣 171
附錄4 各事件日能見度與污染物相關矩陣 172
附錄5 口試委員意見答覆 173

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-te Lee)

審核日期

2010-1-27

推文