電腦輔助歸納式發現法於國小數學概念之學習

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姓名

張智婷(Chih-Ting Chang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

網路學習科技研究所

論文名稱

電腦輔助歸納式發現法於國小數學概念之學習
(Learning Elementary Mathematical Concepts by Computer-Supported Inductive Discovery)

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摘要(中)

本研究提出以「電腦輔助歸納式發現法」做為國小學童學習數學概念的基本模式，探討學童在非被動接收知識的模式下，藉由電腦輔助進行主動觀察歸納的學習成效與行為，以及班級老師對於此種學習模式的評價與接受度。
所謂「歸納式發現法」的學習模式，是學生透過一系列小心設計的例子，經過類化或比較而發現概念重點，再透過文字鷹架，將所發現之概念重點以文字表達出來的一套發現式學習法。其中例子的設計以「變易理論」為設計原則的主要依據，凸顯目標概念的重要屬性，幫助學生清楚辨識要發現的重點所在。電腦在本研究中扮演的主要角色是透過即時回饋，與學生共同完成符合目標概念的例子以及對於該概念的文字描述。
本研究共有兩個階段。第一階段為系統預試，有五十八名小四學生參與，目的為改善教材設計與系統介面和功能，研究方法為觀察法與系統記錄分析。第二階段則針對預試中得到的資料做修正與改進之後，進一步探討學生同樣在電腦輔助的情況下，使用「歸納式觀察法」學習，與使用坊間教科書常見的「直接教學法」學習的成效差異，以深入了解歸納式發現法對於學習的幫助。此階段參與的學生有五十四名，研究方法為實驗法。
第二階段的研究結果顯示，根據學生前測、立即後測與延遲後測的表現，使用「歸納式觀察法」學習的學生學習效果較佳，對於記憶的保留亦較為長久，且對於基礎程度較差的學生有較大的幫助。以使用時機而言，歸納式發現法更適用於學習較難概念的時候。而問卷與訪談則顯示，無論採用何種模式，學生對於使用電腦學習的上課方式皆相當喜愛及投入，老師亦對於這樣的教學模式給予肯定回應。

摘要(英)

This study proposes “computer supported inductive discovery learning” for elementary students learning mathematical concepts. It investigates how elementary students learn mathematics by inductive discovery, instead of learning by being told, in the one-to-one classroom environment. It also explores the class teacher’s perspectives on using such learning model in the teaching practice.
Inductive discovery learning indicates students discover critical concept attributes by generalizing from or comparing among a series of carefully designed examples, and then express their discovery with written language. The example design is based on Variation Theory; that is, the examples emphasize the target concept by separating it from other irrelative things so that students can discern the concept easier. The main function of computers in this study is providing immediate feedbacks to help students complete unfinished examples and concept summary.
There are two phases in this study. The first phase is system preliminary test, aiming on improving the model design as well as system interface and functions. Fifty-eight fourth-graders participated in this phase, and the research methods are observation and system data analysis. The second phase examines how inductive discovery learning can help students learn. That is, under the same computer-supported learning condition, this phase examines how differently students in inductive discovery learning perform from those in common textbook-like learning—directed instruction. Fifty-four third-graders participated in this phase, and the research method is experiment.
The results of the second phase illustrate that students in inductive discover learning not only have better learning performance, but also retain more knowledge after a period of time. Besides, inductive discovery learning helps students with lower initial knowledge level more than those with higher one. As for the cost-effect consideration, it is found that inductive discovery learning is more suitable for difficult concepts. Student questionnaire and interview results show that students like and engage in both kinds computer-supported learning in the second phase, and the involved teachers also give very supportive feedbacks about the idea of providing individual students digital scaffoldings in their classrooms.

關鍵字(中)

★ 變易理論
★ 國小數學
★ 概念學習
★ 電腦輔助學習
★ 歸納式發現法
★ 發現式學習

關鍵字(英)

★ concept learning
★ computer-supported learning
★ inductive discovery learning
★ discovery-based learning
★ elementary mathematics

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract iii
致謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xiii
第一章緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的與研究問題 3
1.3 論文架構 4
第二章文獻探討 6
2.1 台灣國小數學概況 6
2.2 數學概念學習與理解 8
2.3 教學教法 14
2.3.1 發現式教學（Discovery method of teaching） 16
2.3.2 範例式教學 19
2.3.3 變易理論（Variation Theory） 21
2.3.4 自我解釋（Self-explanation） 24
2.3.5 歸納式發現法 28
2.4 數位學習 29
第三章教材設計 34
3.1 教材內容設計 34
3.2 計分與回饋機制 41
3.2.1 計分機制 41
3.2.2 回饋機制 43
3.3 教材版面設計 44
3.4 教材題型設計 47
第四章系統平台 49
4.1 系統環境與架構 49
4.2 DCE基礎架構 50
4.2.1 教師活動設定 51
4.2.2 學生活動介面 52
4.2.3 教師監控介面 53
第五章系統預試與評估 56
5.1 研究流程 56
5.2 資料收集與評量標準 58
5.3 實驗限制 59
5.4 實驗一：系統預試 60
5.4.1 研究對象 62
5.4.2 活動流程 62
5.4.3 活動目的 63
5.4.4 結果分析 64
5.4.5 初步結論 75
5.5 實驗二：直接教學模式 vs. 歸納式發現法 80
5.5.1 直接教學模式之教材設計 81
5.5.2 研究對象 84
5.5.3 實驗流程 84
5.5.4 實驗目的 87
第六章實驗結果與討論 88
6.1 歸納式發現法與直接教學法之學習成效差異 89
6.2 學生問卷與訪談分析 116
6.3 老師訪談分析 144
第七章結論與未來研究 152
7.1 結論 152
7.2 未來研究 155
參考文獻 158
英文文獻 158
中文文獻 164
附錄 167
附錄一：A班與B班前測題目 167
附錄二：A班與B班「分數為整數相除的結果（一）」題目 168
附錄三：A班與B班「分數為整數相除的結果（二）」題目 169
附錄四：C班與D班前測題目 170
附錄五：C班與D班「認識小數」後測與問卷 171
附錄六：C班「小數長度與數線」後測與問卷 172
附錄七：D班「小數長度與數線」後測與問卷 173
附錄八：C班與D班「比較大小」後測與問卷 174
附錄九：C班與D班「小數加法」後測與問卷 175
附錄十：C班與D班延遲後測與「小數減法」後測 176
附錄十一：C班學生訪談大綱 177
附錄十二：D班學生訪談大綱 178
附錄十三：老師訪談大綱 179

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指導教授

陳德懷(Tak-Wai Chan)

審核日期

2009-7-16

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