論卡拉瓦喬羅馬時期公共祭壇畫的世俗形式與宗教理念

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論文名稱

論卡拉瓦喬羅馬時期公共祭壇畫的世俗形式與宗教理念
(Secular Form and Religious Ideology: Caravaggio’s Public Altarpieces in his Roman Period)

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摘要(中)

17世紀初義大利藝術家卡拉瓦喬（Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1571-1610），以繪製羅馬教堂的公共祭壇畫聞名歐洲地區。當時他以創新的世俗形式詮釋宗教史實，卻遭到親教廷派贊主多次的公開拒絕與同儕藝術家的妒嫉毀謗。僅管卡拉瓦喬的繪畫風格與克萊門八世訂立的官方圖像規範產生衝突，背離了教皇支持宗教藝術發展的政治目的，卻因此突顯了他堅持傳達個人遵循的宗教信念之繪畫意圖。本論文即透過剖析卡拉瓦喬在羅馬時期接獲委託的11幅公共祭壇畫，申論卡拉瓦喬如何在反宗教改革環境中，以獨特的繪畫風格展現他所認同的信仰精神與教義內涵。
論文第一章首先追溯卡拉瓦喬在青少年時期的技藝養成與宗教人格發展背景，理解他如何自先驅者的創作中，汲取描繪宗教圖像的藝術理念與手法；並釐清當時倫巴底地區推行的宗教文化藝術政策，探討它對卡拉瓦喬宗教藝術表現的可能影響。第二章逐一分析卡拉瓦喬在1599年至1606年為羅馬教堂繪製的公共祭壇畫，闡明卡拉瓦喬獨特的創新手法，並揭示其所傳達的宗教意涵，連結與之契合的宗教思維。第三章檢視17世紀羅馬地區盛行的宗教藝術理念，以實際舉例各別立場所支持的藝術形式表現，與卡拉瓦喬的祭壇畫風格進行比對，釐清卡拉瓦喬意圖遵循的宗教思想來源。透過上述研究面向，本論文將指出，卡拉瓦喬如何遵循特蘭托公會議提倡的重返聖奧古斯丁人性救贖觀，支持民間新修會關注平民觀者認知的思想理念，繼而以創新的世俗風格繪製祭壇畫，影響17世紀藝術史的發展面向。

摘要(英)

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), an artist in early 17th century Italy, was famous in Europe for his altarpieces in Roman churches. He depicted religious histories in a whole new secular form, but was publicly rejected by the Church authority and suffered envy and slander from peer artists. Although Caravaggio’s artistic style was in conflict with Clement VIII’s prescript of religious images and deviated from the Pope’s political intention of expanding religious art, it indeed revealed that Caravaggio made the altarpieces with the religious belief in which he had faith. By analyzing Caravaggio’s eleven altarpieces made in his Roman period, this dissertation discusses how Caravaggio manifested his religious belief through a distinctive painting style in the Counter-Reformation.
The first chapter traces the development of Caravaggio’s artistic skills and religious personality back to his apprentice period, to comprehend what artistic ideas and skills he might have studied from his master and predecessors. It also tries to clarify the religious culture and art policies at that time in Lombardy, and to investigate the possible influences they had on Caravaggio’s religious art. The second chapter analyzes Caravaggio’s altarpieces made for the Roman churches during 1599-1606, discussing Caravaggio’s innovative approach and exploring the meanings behind each work by considering their underlying religious ideas. The third chapter investigates the ideas of religious art prevalent in 17th century Rome, comparing paintings supported by different religious groups to Caravaggio’s altarpieces so as to clarify the foundation of Caravaggio’s religious ideology. In conclusion, this dissertation argues that Caravaggio adhered to St Augustine’s idea of Redemption, which had been advocated by the Council of Trent. Moreover, he sympathized with the New Religious Orders’ deep concern with the populace, and thus developed a unique secular style to paint altarpieces, a style which greatly influenced the development of 17th century art.

關鍵字(中)

★ 佩特札諾
★ 17世紀
★ 坎培
★ 菲吉諾
★ 特蘭托公會議
★ 羅馬佐
★ 克萊門八世
★ 耶穌會
★ 寫實風格
★ 卡拉契
★ 巴羅齊
★ 卡拉瓦喬
★ 薩瓦多
★ 倫巴底地區
★ 博羅梅奧
★ 帕雷歐提
★ 祈禱會
★ 反宗教改革時期
★ 巴約尼
★ 達爾皮諾
★ 祭壇畫
★ 世俗形式

關鍵字(英)

★ Altarpiece
★ 17 Century
★ Caravaggio
★ Counter Reformation
★ secular form
★ Council of Trent
★ Clement VIII
★ Barocci
★ Baglione
★ Congregation of the Oratory
★ realistic style
★ Lombardy
★ Peterzano
★ Lomazzo
★ Figino
★ Campi
★ Savoldo
★ d’Arpino
★ Society of Jesus（Jesuit）
★ Paleotti
★ Borrom

論文目次

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
導論 1
研究動機與問題意識 3
文獻回顧與探討 5
章節概述 9
第一章卡拉瓦喬在倫巴底時期的藝術與宗教養成（1571年至1592年） 11
第一節成長背景與學徒時期的繪畫風格影響來源 11
（一）家族環境 11
（二）寫實風格先驅 13
第二節博羅梅奧式的宗教文化影響 21
（一）卡洛．博羅梅奧的反宗教改革政策與圖像觀 21
（二）費德里科．博羅梅奧的傳承與發展 26
第二章卡拉瓦喬羅馬時期公共祭壇畫的世俗形式（1592年至1606年） 30
第一節現存原教堂的祭壇畫 32
（一）聖路易吉．底．法蘭契西教堂的康塔列里禮拜堂（Contarelli Chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi） 32
（1）《召喚聖馬太》（The Calling of St. Matthew） 32
（2）《聖馬太殉難》（Martyrdom of St. Matthew） 34
（3）《聖馬太與天使》（St. Matthew and the Angel）第一版 36
（4）《聖馬太與天使》（The Inspiration of Saint Matthew）第二版 38
（二）人民聖母教堂的切拉西禮拜堂（Cerasi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo） 40
（5）《聖保羅皈依》（The Conversion of Saul）第一版 40
（6）《聖保羅皈依》（The Conversion of St. Paul）第二版 42
（7）《聖彼得受釘刑》（The Crucifixion of Saint Peter）第二版 44
（三）聖奧古斯丁教堂的卡瓦雷提禮拜堂（Cavalletti Chapel in S. Agostino） 46
（8）《洛雷托聖母》（Madonna di Loreto） 46
第二節現存藝廊與博物館的祭壇畫 49
（9）《埋葬基督》（The Entombment of Christ） 49
（10）《聖母與蛇》（Madonna dei Palafrenieri） 52
（11）《聖母之死》（The Death of the Virgin） 54
第三章反宗教改革時期羅馬地區的宗教藝術理念 59
第一節宗教圖像改革的憑據─ 特蘭托公會議（Council of Trent, 1545-1563） 59
第二節教廷與耶穌會的官方立場 62
（一）羅馬教廷的權威性：朝聖地、宗教藝術中心與圖像規範 62
（二）耶穌會（Society of Jesus）：神操觀 68
第三節祈禱會與神學家的民間主張 73
（一）祈禱會（Congregation of the Oratory）：謙遜觀 73
（二）神學家帕雷歐提：寫實風格的倡導者 78
結論 86
（一）認同濟貧精神的宗教藝術家 86
（二）開啟探索人性情感的現代藝術潮流 88
【附錄一】卡拉瓦喬生平年表（1571.09.29–1610.07.18） 92
【附錄二】卡拉瓦喬羅馬時期公共祭壇畫作品年表（1599–1606） 102
【參考文獻】 105
一手史料 105
外文書目 105
外文期刊 110
中文書目 110
電子資料庫與網路資源 111
【論文圖版】 113

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外文期刊
Chorpenning, Joseph F. “Another Look at Caravaggio and Religion”, Artibus et Historiae, Vol. 8, No. 16, 1987, pp. 149-158.
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Mahon, Denis & Rousseau-Jr, Theodore. “On Some Aspects of Caravaggio and His Times”, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vl. 12, No. 2 (Oct., 1953), pp. 33-45.
Thomas, Troy. “Expressive Aspects of Caravaggio’’s First Inspiration of Saint Matthew”, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1985), pp. 636-652.
中文書目
任繼愈主編：《宗教辭典》。臺北市：博遠出版，2002。
沃爾克（Walker, Williston, 1860-1922）：《基督教會史》，謝受靈原譯，趙毅之修譯，版本項十版。香港：基督教文藝，2005。
埃爾頓（G. R. Elton）：《新編劍橋世界近代史》（The New Cambridge Modern History），中國社會科學院世界歷史研究所組譯。北京市：中國社會科學，2003。
聖奧古斯丁（Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo）：《論靈魂及其起源》，石敏敏譯。北京市：中國社會科學，2004。
電子資料庫與網路資源
外國期刊論文檢索資料庫（JSTOR）
http://www.jstor.org/
牛津線上藝術詞典（Oxford Art Online）http://www.oxfordartonline.com/
牛津線上藝術查詢（Oxford Art Reference） http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
天主教會歷史官網
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/
線上藝廊（All-Art Gallery）
http://www.all-art.org/
卡拉瓦喬作品集
http://caravaggio.com/
網路藝廊（Web Gallery of Art） http://www.wga.hu/index.html
加拿大：「卡拉瓦喬與羅馬追隨者展覽」官網（Caravaggio and His Followers in Rome）
http://www.gallery.ca/caravaggio/en/index.htm
義大利：卡拉瓦喬作品集（Dentro Caravaggio）
http://www.dentrocaravaggio.com/
義大利：卡拉瓦喬生平背景文獻（Caravaggio, san Carlo e donna Costanza）
http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_8998_l1.htm?id=8998
義大利：「卡拉瓦喬400週年展覽」官網（Caravaggio 400 Anni）
http://caravaggio400.blogspot.com/
義大利：米蘭地區的教會歷史（Storia di Milano dal 1576-1600）
http://www.storiadimilano.it
義大利：波隆納大學費德里科．哲里藝術基金會（Fondazione Federico Zeri）
http://www.fondazionezeri.unibo.it/default.htm
義大利：波格塞藝廊（Borghese Gallery）
http://www.galleriaborghese.it/borghese/en/epalafren.htm
義大利：梵諦岡博物館（Musei Vaticani）
http://mv.vatican.va/2_IT/pages/MV_Home.html
義大利：多利亞潘菲利美術館（Galleria Doria Pamphilj）
http://www.dopart.it/roma/

指導教授

謝佳娟(Chia-Chuan Hsieh)

審核日期

2012-1-15

推文