參考文獻 |
[1] L. C. Chun-Lin, High Intensity Mirror-Free Nanosecond Ytterbium Fiber Laser System in Master Oscillator Power Amplification. PhD thesis, NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY (TAIWAN), 2013.
[2] Y. Sintov, O. Katz,Y. Glick,S. Acco, Y. Nafcha, A. Englander,and R. Lavi,“Extractable energy from ytterbium-doped high-energy pulsed fiber amplifiers and lasers,” JOSA B, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 218—230, 2006.
[3] A. Carter, “in private communication,” Nufern, Inc. (http://www.nufern.com).
[4] J. Koponen, “in private communication,” Liekki, Crop. (http://www.nlight.net).
[5] G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics. Academic press, 2007.
[6] C. Chang, P. Lai, Y. Li, Y. Lai, C. Huang, S. Chen, Y. W. Lee, and S. Huang, “Parasitic stimulated amplification in high-peak-power and diode-seeded nanosecond fiber amplifiers,” Photonics Journal IEEE, vol.6, no. 3, pp.1—8, 2014.
[7] D. Colombant and G. Tonon, “X-ray emission in laser-produced plasmas,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 3524—3537, 1973.
[8] D. Bates, A. Kingston, and R. P. McWhirter, “Recombination between electrons and atomic ions. i. optically thin plasmas,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 267, pp. 297—312, The Royal Society, 1962.
[9] R. McWhirter, “Plasma diagnostic techniques, edited by rh huddlestone and sl leonard (academic, new york, 1965),” Chap, vol. 5, p. 208, 1965.
[10] P. Hayden, An Investigation of Tin Based Laser Produced Plasmas as a Source of Radiation at 13.5 Nm. PhD thesis, University College Dublin, 2004.
[11] J. Zeng, C. Gao, and J. Yuan, “Detailed investigations on radiative opacity and emissivity of tin plasmas in the extreme-ultraviolet region,” Physical Review E, vol. 82, no. 2, p. 026409, 2010.
[12] S. Fujioka, H. Nishimura, K. Nishihara, A. Sasaki, A. Sunahara, T. Okuno, N. Ueda, T. Ando, Y. Tao, Y. Shimada, et al., “Opacity effect on extreme ultraviolet radiation from laser-produced tin plasmas,” Physical review letters, vol. 95, no. 23, p. 235004, 2005.
[13] T. Ando, S. Fujioka, H. Nishimura, N. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Nagai, T. Norimatsu, M. Murakami, K. Nishihara, N. Miyanaga, et al., “Optimum laser pulse duration for efficient extreme ultraviolet light generation from laser-produced tin plasmas,” Applied physics letters, vol. 89, no. 15, p. 1501, 2006.
[14] Y. Shimada, H. Nishimura, M. Nakai, K. Hashimoto, M. Yamaura, Y. Tao, K. Shigemori, T. Okuno, K. Nishihara, T. Kawamura, et al., “Characterization of extreme ultraviolet emission from laser-produced spherical tin plasma generated with multiple laser beams,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 86, no. 5, p. 051501, 2005.
[15] A. Endo, H. Hoshino, T. Suganuma, M. Moriya, T. Ariga, Y. Ueno, M. Nakano, T. Asayama, T. Abe, H. Komori, et al., “Laser produced euv light source de-velopment for hvm,” in Advanced Lithography, pp. 65170O—65170O, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2007.
[16] P.-Y. Lai, L. Chen, Y. Lin-Liu, and S.-H. Chen, “Study of discrete-particle effects in a one-dimensional plasma simulation with the krook type collision model,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol.22, no.9, p.092127, 2015.
[17] P. Lai, T. Lin, Y. Lin-Liu, and S. Chen, “Numerical thermalization in particle-in-cell simulations with monte-carlo collisions,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 21, no. 12, p. 122111, 2014.
[18] P.-Y. Lai and S.-H. Chen, “Modeling extreme-ultraviolet emission from laser-produced plasma using particle-in-cell method,” in SPIE OPTO, pp. 93570E— 93570E, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2015.
[19] H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole, and J. L. Safko, Classical Mechanics: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.
[20] C. Wagner and N. Harned, “Euv lithography: Lithography gets extreme,” Nature Photonics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 24—26, 2010.
[21] V. Bakshi, EUV sources for lithography, vol. 149. SPIE press, 2006.
[22] A. Giovannini and R. S. Abhari, “Three-dimensional extreme ultraviolet emission from a droplet-based laser-produced plasma,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 033303, 2013.
[23] J. White, P. Dunne, P. Hayden, F. O’Reilly, and G. O’Sullivan, “Optimizing 13.5 nm laser-produced tin plasma emission as a function of laser wavelength,” Applied physics letters, vol. 90, no.18, 2007.
[24] D. Campos, S. Harilal, and A. Hassanein, “Laser wavelength effects on ionic and atomic emission from tin plasmas,” Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, no.15, p. 151501, 2010.
[25] S. Harilal, R. Coons, P. Hough, and A. Hassanein, “Influence of spot size on extreme ultraviolet efficiency of laser-produced sn plasmas,” Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 95, no. 22, p. 221501, 2009.
[26] S. Harilal, “Influence of spot size on propagation dynamics of laser-produced tin plasma,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 102, no. 12, p. 123306, 2007.
[27] A. Roy, G. Arai, H. Hara, T. Higashiguchi, H. Ohashi, A. Sunahara, B. Li, P. Dunne, G. O’Sullivan, T. Miura, et al., “Evolution of laser-produced sn extreme ultraviolet source diameter for high-brightness source,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 105, no. 7, p. 074103, 2014.
[28] K. Nishihara, A. Sunahara, A. Sasaki, M. Nunami, H. Tanuma, S. Fujioka, Y. Shi-mada, K. Fujima, H. Furukawa, T. Kato et al., “Plasma physics and radiation hydrodynamics in developing an extreme ultraviolet light source for lithographya),” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 15, no. 5 ,p. 056708, 2008.
[29] T. Sizyuk and A. Hassanein, “Enhancing extreme ultraviolet photons emission in laser produced plasmas for advanced lithography,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 19, no. 8, p. 083102, 2012.
[30] T. Sizyuk and A. Hassanein, “Optimization of extreme ultraviolet photons emission and collection in mass-limited laser produced plasmas for lithography application,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 112, no. 3, p. 033102, 2012.
[31] M. Schnurer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, H. Stiel, U. Vogt, W. Radlo., M. Kalashnikov, W. Sandner, and P. Nickles, “Influence of laser pulse width on absolute euv-yield from xe-clusters,” The European Physical Journal D-Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 331—335, 2001.
[32] A. Roy, S. Harilal, M. Polek, S. Hassan, A. Endo, and A. Hassanein, “Influence of laser pulse duration on extreme ultraviolet and ion emission features from tin plasmas,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 21, no. 3, p. 033109, 2014.
[33] Y. Ueno, G. Soumagne, A. Sumitani, A. Endo, T. Higashiguchi, and N. Yugami, “Reduction of debris of a co {sub 2} laser-produced sn plasma extreme ultraviolet source using a magnetic field,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 21, 2008.
[34] S. Bollanti, F. Bon.gli, E. Burattini, P. Di Lazzaro, F. Flora, A. Grilli, T. Letardi, N. Lisi, A. Marinai, L. Mezi, et al., “High-efficiency clean euv plasma source at 10—30nm, driven by a long-pulse-width excimer laser,” Applied Physics B, vol.76, no. 3, pp. 277—284, 2003.
[35] Y. Tao, M. Tillack, S. Harilal, K. Sequoia, and F. Najmabadi, “Investigation of the interaction of a laser pulse with a preformed gaussian sn plume for an extreme ultraviolet lithography source,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 101, no. 2, p. 023305, 2007.
[36] S. Harilal, B. O’Shay, M. Tillack, Y. Tao, R. Paguio, A. Nikroo, and C. Back, “Spectral control of emissions from tin doped targets for extreme ultraviolet lithography,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 39, no. 3, p. 484, 2006.
[37] T. Okuno, S. Fujioka, H. Nishimura, Y. Tao, K. Nagai, Q. Gu, N. Ueda, T. Ando, K. Nishihara, T. Norimatsu, et al., “Low-density tin targets for efficient extreme ultraviolet light emission from laser-produced plasmas,” Applied physics letters, vol. 88, no. 16, p. 161501, 2006.
[38] R. Coons, S. Harilal, D. Campos, and A. Hassanein, “Analysis of atomic and ion debris features of laser-produced sn and li plasmas,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 108, no. 6, p. 063306, 2010.
[39] T. Wu, X. Wang, H. Lu, and P. Lu, “Debris mitigation power of various bu.er gases for co2 laser produced tin plasmas,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 45, no. 47, p. 475203, 2012.
[40] V. Sizyuk, A. Hassanein, V. Morozov, T. Sizyuk, et al., “Heights integrated model as instrument for simulation of hydrodynamic, radiation transport, and heat conduction phenomena of laser-produced plasma in euv applications,” tech. rep., Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), 2007.
[41] G. Toth and D. Odstrcil, “Comparison of some flux corrected transport and total variation diminishing numerical schemes for hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic problems,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 82—100, 1996.
[42] R. J. LeVeque, Finite volume methods for hyperbolic problems, vol.31. Cambridge university press, 2002.
[43] V. Morozov, V. Tolkach, and A. Hassanein, “Calculation of tin atomic data and plasma properties,” tech. rep., ANL, 2005.
[44] V. Sizyuk, A. Hassanein, and T. Sizyuk, “Three-dimensional simulation of laser-produced plasma for extreme ultraviolet lithography applications,” Journal of applied physics, vol. 100, no. 10, p. 103106, 2006.
[45] S. Harilal, T. Sizyuk, V. Sizyuk, and A. Hassanein, “Efficient laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet sources using grooved sn targets,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, no. 11, p. 111503, 2010.
[46] A. Hassanein and T. Sizyuk, “Laser produced plasma sources for nanolithography gphyaxrecent integrated simulation and benchmarking,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 20, no. 5, p. 053105, 2013.
[47] A. Cummings, G. O’Sullivan, P. Dunne, E. Sokell, N. Murphy, and J. White, “Con-version efficiency of a laser-produced sn plasma at 13.5 nm, simulated with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and treated as a multi-component blackbody,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 38, no. 4,p. 604, 2005.
[48] J. Christiansen, D. Ashby, and K. Roberts, “Medusa a one-dimensional laser fusion code,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 271—287, 1974.
[49] R. D. Cowan, The theory of atomic structure and spectra, vol. 3. Univ of California Press, 1981.
[50] J. White, P. Dunne, P. Hayden, and G. OaeSullivan, “Simplified one-dimensional calculation of 13.5 nm emission in a tin plasma including radiation transport,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 106, no. 11, p. 113303, 2009.
[51] A. Cummings, G. O’sullivan, P. Dunne, E. Sokell, N. Murphy, J. White, P. Hayden, P. Sheridan, M. Lysaght, and F. O’Reilly, “A spatio-temporal study of variable composition laser-produced sn plasmas,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 73, 2006.
[52] J. White, G. O’Sullivan, S. Zakharov, P. Choi, V. Zakharov, H. Nishimura, S. Fujioka, and K. Nishihara, “Tin laser-produced plasma source modeling at 13.5 nm for extreme ultraviolet lithography,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 92, no. 15, 2008.
[53] S. Yuspeh, Y. Tao, R. Burdt, M. Tillack, Y. Ueno, and F. Najmabadi, “Dynamics of laser-produced sn microplasma for a high-brightness extreme ultraviolet light source,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, no. 20, p. 201501, 2011.
[54] J. White, Opening the Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography Source Bottleneck: Developing a 13.5-nm Laser-produced Plasma Source for the Semiconductor Industry. PhD thesis, University College Dublin, 2006.
[55] T. Maiman, “Optical and microwave-optical experiments in ruby,” Physical review letters, vol. 4, no. 11, p. 564, 1960.
[56] E. Snitzer, “Optical maser action of nd+ 3 in a barium crown glass,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 444, 1961.
[57] H. Etzel, H. Gandy, and R. Ginther, “Stimulated emission of infrared radiation from ytterbium activated silicate glass,” Appl. Optics, vol. 1, 1962.
[58] J. Stone and C. Burrus, “Neodymium-doped silica lasers in end-pumped fiber geometry,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 23, no.7, pp. 388—389, 1973.
[59] R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I. Jauncey, and D. N. Payne, “Low-noise erbium-doped fibre amplifier operating at 1.54 μm,” Electronics Letters, vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 1026—1028, 1987.
[60] D. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [invited],” JOSA B, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. B63—B92, 2010.
[61] C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, “High-power fibre lasers,” Nature photonics, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 861—867, 2013.
[62] S. A. George, K.-C. Hou, K. Takenoshita, A. Galvanauskas, and M. C. Richardson, “13.5 nm euv generation from tin-doped droplets using a fiber laser,” Optics express, vol. 15, no. 25, pp. 16348—16356, 2007.
[63] C.-L. Chang, Y.-Y. Li, P.-Y. Lai, Y.-P. Lai, C.-W. Huang, S.-H. Chen, and S.-L. Huang, “High-intensity nanosecond all-fiber-coiled laser and extreme ultraviolet generation,” in SPIE LASE, pp. 93440C—93440C, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2015.
[64] E. M. Dianov, M. E. Likhachev, and S. Fevrier, “Solid-core photonic bandgap fibers for high-power fiber lasers,” IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 20, 2009.
[65] A. Malinowski, K. T. Vu, K. K. Chen, J. Nilsson, Y. Jeong, S. Alam, D. Lin, and D. J. Richardson, “High-power pulsed fiber mopa system incorporating electro-optic modulator based adaptive pulse shaping,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 20927—20937, 2009.
[66] K. Vu, A. Malinowski, D. Richardson, F. Ghiringhelli, L. Hickey, and M. Zervas, “Adaptive pulse shape control in a diode-seeded nanosecond fiber mopa system,” Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 10996—11001, 2006.
[67] H. Li and K. Ogusu, “Dynamic behavior of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode optical fiber,” Japanese journal of applied physics, vol. 38, no. 11R, p. 6309, 1999.
[68] Z. Zhang, X. Zhou, Z. Sui, J. Wang, H. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Liu, “Numerical analysis of stimulated inelastic scatterings in ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber amplifier with multi-ns-duration and multi-hundred-kw peak-power output,” Optics Com-munications, vol. 282, no. 6, pp. 1186—1190, 2009.
[69] L. Zenteno, J. Wang, D. Walton, B. Ruffin, M. Li, S. Gray, A. Crowley, and X. Chen, “Suppression of raman gain in single-transverse-mode dual-hole-assisted fiber,” Optics express, vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 8921—8926, 2005.
[70] J. Fini, M. Mermelstein, M. Yan, R. Bise, A. Yablon, P. Wisk, and M. Andrejco, “Distributed suppression of stimulated raman scattering in an yb-doped filter-fiber amplifier,” Optics letters, vol. 31, no. 17, pp. 2550—2552, 2006.
[71] A. Shirakawa, H. Maruyama, K. Ueda, C. Olausson, J. Lyngso, and J. Broeng, “High-power yb-doped photonic bandgap fiber amplifier at 1150-1200 nm,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 447—454, 2009.
[72] F. Jansen, D. Nodop, C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, “Modeling the inhibition of stimulated raman scattering in passive and active fibers by lumped spectral filters in high power fiber laser systems,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 16255—16265, 2009.
[73] M. Yamada, M. Shimizu, Y. Ohishi, J. Temmyo, T. Kanamori, and S. Sudo, “Highly efficient configuration of a pr/sup 3+/-doped fluoride fiber amplifier module with an optical circulator,” Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1011— 1013, 1993.
[74] A. Galvanauskas, G. Cho, A. Hariharan, M. Fermann, and D. Harter, “Generation of high-energy femtosecond pulses in multimode-core yb-fiber chirped-pulse amplification systems,” Optics letters, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 935—937, 2001.
[75] C.-L. Chang, P.-Y. Lai, Y.-Y. Li, S.-H. Chen, and S.-L. Huang, “A high peak power nanosecond all-fiber mopa system at high repetition rate,” in Proc.ofSPIE, vol. 8601, p. 86011X, 2013.
[76] Y. Wang and H. Po, “Dynamic characteristics of double-clad fiber amplifiers for high-power pulse amplification,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 21, no.10, pp. 2262—2270, 2003.
[77] P.-Y. Lai, C.-L. Changb, S.-L. Huangb, and S.-H. Chen, “Effective suppression of stimulated raman scattering in high power fiber amplifiers using double-pass scheme,” in Proc. of SPIE, vol. 8961, pp. 89612T—1, 2014.
[78] C. K. Birdsall and A. B. Langdon, Plasma physics via computer simulation CRC Press, 2004.
[79] R. W. Hockney and J. W. Eastwood, Computer simulation using particles CRC Press, 1988.
[80] C. K. Birdsall, “Particle-in-cell charged-particle simulations, plus monte carlo collisions with neutral atoms, pic-mcc,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,” vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 65—85, 1991.
[81] M. Surendra and D. Graves, “Electron acoustic waves in capacitively coupled, low-pressure rf glow discharges,” Physical review letters, vol. 66, no. 11, p. 1469, 1991.
[82] H. Kim and J. Lee, “Mode transition induced by low-frequency current in dual-frequency capacitive discharges,” Physical review letters, vol. 93, no. 8, p. 085003, 2004.
[83] M. M. Turner, A. Derzsi, Z. Donko, D. Eremin, S. Kelly, T. Lafleur, and T. Mussen-brock, “Simulation benchmarks for low-pressure plasmas: capacitive discharges,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 20, no.1, p. 013507, 2013.
[84] A. J. Kemp, R. E. Pfund, and J. Meyer-ter Vehn, “Modeling ultrafast laser-driven ionization dynamics with monte carlo collisional particle-in-cell simulations,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 5648—5657, 2004.
[85] F. Perez, L. Gremillet, A. Decoster, M. Drouin, and E. Lefebvre, “Improved modeling of relativistic collisions and collisional ionization in particle-in-cell codes,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 19, no. 8, p. 083104, 2012.
[86] R. Mishra, P. Leblanc, Y. Sentoku, M. Wei, and F. Beg, “Collisional particle-in-cell modeling for energy transport accompanied by atomic processes in dense plasmas,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 20, no. 7, p. 072704, 2013.
[87] M. Oppenheim, Y. Dimant, and L. Dyrud, “Large-scale simulations of 2-d fully kinetic farley-buneman turbulence,” in Annales geophysicae: atmospheres, hydrospheres and space sciences, vol. 26, p. 543, 2008.
[88] A. Kemp, B. Cohen, and L. Divol, “Integrated kinetic simulation of laser-plasma interactions, fast-electron generation, and transport in fast ignitiona),” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 17, no.5, p. 056702, 2010.
[89] T. Ma, H. Sawada, P. Patel, C. Chen, L. Divol, D. Higginson, A. Kemp, M. Key, D. Larson, S. Le Pape, et al., “Hot electron temperature and coupling efficiency scaling with prepulse for cone-guided fast ignition,” Physical review letters, vol. 108, no. 11, p. 115004, 2012.
[90] J. P. Verboncoeur, “Particle simulation of plasmas: review and advances,” Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, vol. 47, no. 5A, p. A231, 2005.
[91] T. Takizuka and H. Abe, “A binary collision model for plasma simulation with a particle code,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 205—219, 1977.
[92] C. Jacoboni and L. Reggiani, “The monte carlo method for the solution of charge transport in semiconductors with applications to covalent materials,” Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 55, no. 3, p. 645, 1983.
[93] W. M. Manheimer, M. Lampe, and G. Joyce, “Langevin representation of coulomb collisions in pic simulations,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 563—584, 1997.
[94] K. Nanbu and S. Yonemura, “Weighted particles in coulomb collision simulations based on the theory of a cumulative scattering angle,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 639—654, 1998.
[95] F. F. Chen and S. E. Von Goeler, “Introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion volume 1: Plasma physics,” Physics Today, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 87—88, 2008.
[96] J. Dawson, “One-dimensional plasma model,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 445—459, 1962.
[97] J. M. Dawson, “Thermal relaxation in a one-species, one-dimensional plasma,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 419—425, 1964.
[98] A. Lenard and I. B. Bernstein, “Plasma oscillations with diffusion in velocity space,” Physical Review, vol. 112, no. 5, p. 1456, 1958.
[99] R. Balescu, “Irreversible processes in ionized gases,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 52—63, 1960.
[100] D. Montgomery and C. Nielson, “Thermal relaxation in one-and two-dimensional plasma models,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1405—1407, 1970.
[101] M. M. Turner, “Kinetic properties of particle-in-cell simulations compromised by monte carlo collisions,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 13, no. 3, p. 033506, 2006.
[102] V. Godyak and R. Piejak, “Abnormally low electron energy and heating-mode transition in a low-pressure argon rf discharge at 13.56 mhz,” Physical review letters, vol. 65, no. 8, p. 996, 1990.
[103] N. Y. Babaeva, J. Lee, and J. Shon, “Capacitively coupled plasma source operating in xe/ar mixtures,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 287, 2005.
[104] A. Einstein, “Zur quantentheorie der strahlung,” Physikalische Zeitschrift, vol. 18, pp. 121—128, 1917.
[105] R. C. Hilborn, “Einstein coefficients, cross sections, f values, dipole moments, and all that,” arXiv preprint physics/0202029, 2002.
[106] G. GEDDES, “Amplified spontaneous emissions in neodymium-doped fiber lasers,” 2011.
[107] Y. Wang, “Dynamics of stimulated raman scattering in double-clad fiber pulse amplifiers,” Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 779—788, 2005.
[108] C. Chang, Y. Lin, P. Lai, Y. Li, S. Chen, and S. Huang, “High power broad-band continuum source based on an all-pm-fiber master oscillator nonlinear power amplifier,” Laser Physics, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 045101, 2014.
[109] L. D. Landau, J. Bell, M. Kearsley, L. Pitaevskii, E. Lifshitz, and J. Sykes, Elec-trodynamics of continuous media, vol. 8, elsevier, 1984.
[110] R. G. Smith, “Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as de-termined by stimulated raman and brillouin scattering,” Applied Optics, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2489—2494, 1972.
[111] C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, “Derivation of raman treshold for-mulas for cw double-clad fiber amplifiers,” Optics express, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 8476— 8490, 2009.
[112] C. R. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 271—283, 1991.
[113] E. Desurvire and J. R. Simpson, “Amplification of spontaneous emission in erbium-doped single-mode fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 835— 845, 1989.
[114] A. Bjarklev, Optical fiber amplifiers: design and system applications. Artech House, 1993.
[115] W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C (2Nd Ed.): The Art of Scientific Computing. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[116] S. Magne, M. Druetta, J.-P. Goure, J. C. Thevenin, P. Ferdinand, and G. Mon-nom, “An ytterbium-doped monomode fiber laser: ampli.ed spontaneous emission, modeling of the gain and tunability in an external cavity,” Journal of luminescence, vol. 60, pp. 647—650, 1994.
[117] A.Hardy, R.Oron, et al., “Ampli.ed spontaneous emission and rayleigh backscat-tering in strongly pumped fiber amplifiers,” Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1865—1873, 1998.
[118] J. Zhou, M. Gong, P. Yan, H. Zhang, and D. Wang, “Spike suppression in fiber amplifiers through nonlinear polarization rotation,” Optics letters, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1407—1409, 2010.
[119] Y. Zhang, B.-Q. Yao, Y.-L. Ju, and Y.-Z. Wang, “Gain-switched tm3+-doped double-clad silica fiber laser,” Optics express, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1085—1089, 2005.
[120] Y. Wang, “Optimization of pulse amplification in ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber amplifiers,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 23, no. 6, p. 2139, 2005.
[121] W. Koechner, “Properties of solid-state laser materials,” in Solid-State Laser Engineering, pp. 28—87, Springer, 1999.
[122] E. S. Lee and J. W. Hahn, “Four-pass amplifier for the pulsed amplification of a narrow-bandwidth continuous-wave dye laser,” Optics letters, vol. 21, no. 22, pp. 1836—1838, 1996.
[123] N. Deguil-Robin, J. Limpert, S. Petit, I. Manek-Honniger, and F. Salin, “Double-pass versus single-pass fiber amplification: a numerical and experimental comparison,” in Advanced Solid-State Photonics, p. WB26, Optical Society of America, 2005.
[124] R. Song, J. Hou, Y.-B. Wang, T. Liu, and Q.-S. Lu, “Analysis of the scalability of single-mode near-infrared supercontinuum to high average power,” Journal of Optics, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 035203, 2013.
[125] K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263—1276, 1997.
[126] M. Krause and H. Renner, “Theory and design of double-cavity raman fiber lasers,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 23, no.8, p. 2474, 2005.
[127] C. Zheng, H. Zhang, W. Cheng, M. Liu, P. Yan, and M. Gong, “Single mode mopa structured all-fiber yb pulse fiber amplifier at low repetition,” Laser Physics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1081—1084, 2011.
[128] G. Voronov and N. B. Delone, “Ionization of the xenon atom by the electric field of ruby laser emission,” Sov. Phys. JETP Lett, vol. 1, p. 66, 1965.
[129] P. Agostini, G. Barjot, J. Bonnal, G. Mainfray, C. Manus, and J. Morellec, “Multi-photon ionization of hydrogen and rare gases,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 667—669, 1968.
[130] N. B. Delone and V. Krainov, Multiphoton processes in atoms, vol. 13. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[131] P. Gibbon, Short pulse laser interactions with matter. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2004.
[132] P. Agostini, F. Fabre, G. Mainfray, G. Petite, and N. K. Rahman, “Free-free transitions following six-photon ionization of xenon atoms,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 42, no. 17, p. 1127, 1979.
[133] Y. Gontier and M. Trahin, “Energetic electron generation by multiphoton absorption,” Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, vol. 13, no. 22, p. 4383, 1980.
[134] L. Keldysh, “Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave,” Sov. Phys. JETP, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1307—1314, 1965.
[135] A. Perelomov, V. Popov, and M. Terentaeev, “Ionization of atoms in an alternating electric field,” Sov. Phys. JETP, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 924—934, 1966.
[136] Y. L. Klimontovich, The Statistical Theory of Non-Equilibrium Processes in a Plasma: International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy, vol. 9. Elsevier, 2013.
[137] F. Reif, Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics, vol. 445. McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1965.
[138] A. Vlasov, “The vibrational properties of an electron gas,” Physics-Uspekhi, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 721—733, 1968.
[139] L. Landau, “Die kinetische gleichung fuer den fall coulombscher wechselwirkung,” Phys. Z. Sowjet, vol. 10, p. 154, 1936.
[140] A. Lenard, “On bogoliubov’s kinetic equation for a spatially homogeneous plasma,” Annals of Physics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 390—400, 1960.
[141] W. M. MacDonald, M. N. Rosenbluth, and W. Chuck, “Relaxation of a system of particles with coulomb interactions,” Physical Review, vol. 107, no. 2, p. 350, 1957.
[142] S. Chandrasekhar, “Stochastic problems in physics and astronomy,” Reviews of modern physics, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 1, 1943.
[143] F. L. Hinton, “Collisional transport in plasma,” Handbook of Plasma Physics, vol. 1, p. 147, 1983.
[144] S. Chapman and T. G. Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases: An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion of Gases, Notes Added in 1951. Cambridge university press, 1952.
[145] L. Spitzer Jr and R. Harm, “Transport phenomena in a completely ionized gas,” Physical Review, vol. 89, no. 5, p. 977, 1953.
[146] D. Duchs and H. Griem, “Computer study of the dynamic phase of a small θ-pinch,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1099—1109, 1966.
[147] V. Silin, “Nonlinear high-frequency plasma conductivity,” Sov. Phys. JETP, vol.20, no. 6, pp. 1510—1514, 1965.
[148] J. Dawson and C. Oberman, “High-frequency conductivity and the emission and absorption coefficients of a fully ionized plasma,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 517—524, 1962.
[149] C. Decker, W. Mori, J. Dawson, and T. Katsouleas, “Nonlinear collisional absorption in laser-driven plasmas,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 4043—4049, 1994.
[150] T. W. Johnston and J. M. Dawson, “Correct values for high-frequency power absorption by inverse bremsstrahlung in plasmas,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 722—722, 1973.
[151] A. Kawabata and R. Kubo, “Electronic properties of .ne metallic particles. ii. plasma resonance absorption,” Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1765—1772, 1966.
[152] H. London, “The high-frequency resistance of superconducting tin,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 176, no. 967, pp. 522—533, 1940.
[153] D. J. Nicholas, The development of fluid codes for the laser compression of plasma. Chilton: RAL, 1982.
[154] Y. Lee, “A model for ionization balance and l-shell spectroscopy of non-lte plasmas,” Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 131—145, 1987.
[155] M. N. Saha, “Liii. ionization in the solar chromosphere,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 40, no. 238, pp. 472—488, 1920.
[156] G. Gupta and B. Sinha, “Parametric dependence of x-ray laser gain in laser plasmas for 3p-3s transitions in neon-like krypton ions,” Journal of applied physics, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 2287—2290, 1995.
[157] J. Huba, “Nrl plasma formulary supported by the office of naval research,” Naval Research Laboratory, 2013.
[158] M. Busquet, M. Klapisch, and A. Bar-Shalom, “Absorption and emission profiles of unresolved arrays near local thermodynamic equilibrium,” Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 255—263, 2003.
[159] G. Wertheim, M. Butler, K. West, and D. Buchanan, “Determination of the gaussian and lorentzian content of experimental line shapes,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1369—1371, 1974.
[160] M. Itoh, T. Yabe, and S. Kiyokawa, “Collisional-radiative and average-ion hybrid models for atomic processes in high-z plasmas,” Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 233, 1987.
[161] S. Chandrasekhar, An introduction to the study of stellar structure, vol. 2. Courier Corporation, 1957.
[162] D. R. Lide, CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC press, 2004.
[163] P. Carroll and E. Kennedy, “Laser-produced plasmas,” Contemporary Physics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 61—96, 1981.
[164] W. L. Kruer, “The physics of laser plasma interactions,” 1988.
[165] A. Djaoui, “A user guide for the laser-plasma simulation code: Med103,” 1996.
[166] P. Rodgers, A. Rogoyski, and S. Rose, “Med101: a laser-plasma simulation code,” User guide, 1989.
[167] C. Fauquignon and F. Floux, “Hydrodynamic behavior of solid deuterium under laser heating,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 386—391, 1970.
[168] G. Gupta and B. Sinha, “Effect of ionization and recombination coefficients on the charge-state distribution of ions in laser-produced aluminum plasmas,” Physical Review E, vol. 56, no. 2, p. 2104, 1997.
[169] K. Garlo., M. van den Donker, J. van der Mullen, F. van Goor, R. Brummans, and J. Jonkers, “Simple model for laser-produced, mass-limited water-droplet plasmas,” Physical Review E, vol. 66, no. 3, p. 036403, 2002.
[170] M. Klapisch, “A program for atomic wavefunction computations by the parametric potential method,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 239—260, 1971.
[171] J. Bauche, C. Bauche-Arnoult, and M. Klapisch, “Transition arrays in the spectra of ionized atoms,” Advances in atomic and molecular physics, vol. 23, pp. 131—195, 1988.
[172] F. Jin and M. Richardson, “New laser plasma source for extreme-ultraviolet lithography,” Applied optics, vol. 34, no. 25, pp. 5750—5760, 1995.
[173] D. Salzmann, “Atomic physics in hot plasmas,” International Series of Monographs on Physics, vol. 97, 1998.
[174] T. Higashiguchi, K. Kawasaki, W. Sasaki, and S. Kubodera, “Enhancement of extreme ultraviolet emission from a lithium plasma by use of dual laser pulses,” Applied physics letters, vol. 88, no. 16, p. 161502, 2006.
[175] P. Dunne, G. OaeSullivan, and D. OaeReilly, “Prepulse-enhanced narrow band-width soft x-ray emission from a low debris, subnanosecond, laser plasma source,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 34—36, 2000.
[176] S. Dusterer, H. Schwoerer, W. Ziegler, D. Salzmann, and R. Sauerbrey, “Effects of a prepulse on laser-induced euv radiation conversion efficiency,” Applied Physics B, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 17—21, 2003.
[177] R. Shanny, J. M. Dawson, and J. M. Greene, “One-dimensional model of a lorentz plasma,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1281—1287, 1967.
[178] L. Spitzer, “Physics of fully ionized plasmas,” J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 1962.
[179] A. H. Boozer and G. Kuo-Petravic, “Monte carlo evaluation of transport coefficients,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988),vol.24, no. 5, pp. 851—859, 1981.
[180] Y. Sentoku, K. Mima, Y. Kishimoto, and M. Honda, “Effects of relativistic binary collisions on pic simulation of laser plasmas,” Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 4084—4088, 1998.
[181] E. Lifschitz and L. Pitajewski, “Physical kinetics,” in Textbook of theoretical physics. 10, Course of theoretical physics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981, 1983.
[182] P. L. Bhatnagar, E. P. Gross, and M. Krook, “A model for collision processes in gases. i. small amplitude processes in charged and neutral one-component systems,” Physical review, vol. 94, no. 3, p. 511, 1954.
[183] N. Rostoker, “Superposition of dressed test particles,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 479—490, 1964.
[184] S. Ichimaru, “Hydrodynamic fluctuations and correlations in a plasma,” Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1207—1212, 1964.
[185] S. Ichimaru, “Coulomb correlations in inhomogeneous many-particle systems,” Physical Review, vol. 140, no. 1B, p. B226, 1965.
[186] S. Ichimaru, “Statistical plasma physics, volume i: Basic principles, vol. 87 of frontiers in physics,” 1992.
[187] L. Landau, “Kinetic equation for the coulomb effect,” Phys. Z. Sowjetunion, vol. 10, p. 154, 1936.
[188] L. Schlessinger and J. Wright, “Inverse-bremsstrahlung absorption rate in an in-tense laser field,” Physical Review A, vol. 20, no.5, p. 1934, 1979.
[189] A. Y. Polishchuk and J. Meyer-Ter-Vehn, “Electron-ion relaxation in a plasma interacting with an intense laser field,” Physical Review E, vol. 49, no.1, p.663, 1994.
[190] G. Pert, “Inverse bremsstrahlung in strong radiation fields at low temperatures,” Physical Review E, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 4778, 1995.
[191] J. Boris, “Relativistic plasma simulation-optimization of a hybrid code,” in Proc. Fourth Conf. Num. Sim. Plasmas, Naval Res. Lab, Wash. DC, pp. 3—67, 1970.
[192] K. S. Yee et al., “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell .a.es equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 302—307, 1966.
[193] W. Lotz, “Electron-impact ionization cross-sections for atoms up to z= 108,” Zeitschrift fur Physik, vol. 232, no. 2, pp. 101—107, 1970.
[194] M. Ammosov, N. Delone, V. Krainov, A. Perelomov, V. Popov, M. Terent’ev, G. L. Yudin, and M. Y. Ivanov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating,” Soviet physics JETP, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1191—1194, 1986.
[195] S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, Y. Tao, B. O’Shay, R. Paguio, and A. Nikroo, “Extreme-ultraviolet spectral purity and magnetic ion debris mitigation by use of low-density tin targets,” Optics letters, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 1549—1551, 2006.
[196] A. Roy, S. M. Hassan, S. S. Harilal, A. Endo, T. Mocek, and A. Hassanein, “Extreme ultraviolet emission and confinement of tin plasmas in the presence of a magnetic field,” Physics of Plasmas (1994-present), vol. 21, no. 5, p. 053106, 2014.
[197] W. Kruer and K. Estabrook, “J× b heating by very intense laser light,” Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 430—432, 1985.
[198] J. A. Buck, Fundamentals of optical fibers. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[199] A. V. Smith and J. J. Smith, “Mode instability in high power fiber amplifiers,” Optics express, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 10180—10192, 2011.
[200] C. Jauregui, T. Eidam, J. Limpert, and A. Tunnermann, “Impact of modal interference on the beam quality of high-power fiber amplifiers,” Optics express, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 3258—3271, 2011.
[201] H. Lee and G. P. Agrawal, “Impact of self-phase modulation on instabilities in fiber lasers,” Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1732— 1738, 2010.
[202] C.-L. Chang, Y.-Y. Lin, P.-Y. Lai, Y.-Y. Li, D.-Y. Jheng, S.-H. Chen, and S.-L. Huang, “Intense supercontinuum generation in a nanosecond nonlinear all-pm-fiber power amplifier,” in SPIE LASE, pp. 89612S—89612S, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.
[203] T. Otsuka, D. Kilbane, T. Higashiguchi, N. Yugami, T. Yatagai, W. Jiang, A. Endo, P. Dunne, and G. OaeSullivan, “Systematic investigation of self-absorption and con-version efficiency of 6.7 nm extreme ultraviolet sources,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 97, no. 23, p. 231503, 2010.
[204] T. Higashiguchi, B. Li, Y. Suzuki, M. Kawasaki, H. Ohashi, S. Torii, D. Nakamura, A. Takahashi, T. Okada, W. Jiang, et al., “Characteristics of extreme ultraviolet emission from mid-infrared laser-produced rare-earth gd plasmas,” Optics express, vol. 21, no. 26, pp. 31837—31845, 2013.
[205] H. Ohashi, T. Higashiguchi, Y. Suzuki, G. Arai, B. Li, P. Dunne, G. OaeSullivan, H. A. Sakaue, D. Kato, I. Murakami, et al., “Characteristics of x-ray emission from optically thin high-z plasmas in the soft x-ray region,” Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 48, no. 14, p. 144011, 2015.
[206] T. Higashiguchi, T. Otsuka, W. Jiang, A. Endo, B. Li, P. Dunne, and G. O’Sullivan, “Efficient ’water window’ soft x-ray high-z plasma source,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 463, p. 012024, IOP Publishing, 2013.
[207] D. A. Gurnett and A. Bhattacharjee, Introduction to plasma physics: with space and laboratory applications. Cambridge university press, 2005.
[208] T. J. M. Boyd and J. J. Sanderson, The physics of plasmas. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[209] R. J. Goldston and P. H. Rutherford, Introduction to plasma physics. CRC Press, 1995.
[210] L. D. Landau, “On the vibrations of the electronic plasma,” Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., vol. 10, p. 25, 1946.
[211] M. N. Rosenbluth, W. M. MacDonald, and D. L. Judd, “Fokker-Planck equation for an inverse-square force,” Physical Review, vol. 107, no. 1, p. 1, 1957.
[212] D. Pines and D. Bohm, “A collective description of electron interactions: Ii. collective vs individual particle aspects of the interactions,” Physical Review, vol. 85, no. 2, p. 338, 1952. |