兒童早期至晚期疼痛同理心的神經發展: 事件相關電位研究

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厲家珍(Chia-Chen Li) 查詢紙本館藏

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認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

兒童早期至晚期疼痛同理心的神經發展: 事件相關電位研究
(Neurodevelopmental Change of Empathy for Pain from Early to Late Childhood: An ERP study)

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摘要(中)

同理心是了解及經驗他人情緒的能力，它是利他行為重要的前驅物，在人際關係以及社會能力扮演重要角色。Hoffman從發展心理學的觀點提出一個同理心發展的模型，其中描述兒童對於他人痛苦的反應會從自我中心的個人不適(personal distress)隨著年紀的增長轉變為關心他人的同情心(sympathy)，進而產生利他行為。最近Decety從認知神經科學的角度主張情感覺醒(affective arousal)是最早的同理心要素，而情緒理解(emotion understanding)隨後於二至三歲開始成熟，最後情緒調控(emotional regulation)的能力從兒童到青少年期間持續發展。過去我們的研究團隊讓成人觀看由三張連續圖片組成描繪疼痛及不痛的動畫，請受試者進行疼痛判斷同時記錄腦波。結果發現即將在他人發生的傷害會引起N260的預期效應，而感受他人的疼痛會引起增大的晚期正向波(late positive potentials, LPPs)。N260的振幅愈大不舒服程度的評分愈高，而LPPs的振幅愈大則人際反應指數(interpersonal reactivity index)中觀點取替(perspective taking)的人格傾向愈高。本研究探討從兒童早期到晚期疼痛同理心的神經發展，讓成人及兒童觀看疼痛或不痛的動畫同時紀錄腦電波，量測N260及LPPs在觀看疼痛及不痛動畫之間的差異波，分別作為疼痛同理心中情感覺醒及情感評估(affective evaluation)的指標。結果發現三至九歲的兒童中，N260差異波隨著年齡減小，社會化領域的適應能力行為表現愈多者N260差異波愈小；另一方面，LPP差異波隨著年齡增加，人際關係次領域適應行為表現愈多者LPP差異波愈大。這樣的結果暗示疼痛同理心發展的過程中，情感覺醒會隨年齡而減少，情感評估會隨年齡增加，因此對於他人痛苦的反應會可能會從自我中心的個人不適轉變為關心他人的同情心，此結果同時支持Hoffman以及Decety的理論。

摘要(英)

Empathy, the ability to understand and experience others’ emotion, is thought to be an important precursor to prosocial behavior and plays a critical role in interpersonal relationship and social competence. From the perspective of developmental psychology, Hoffman proposed a model which outlined the developmental shift over time from self-oriented personal distress in response to others’ distress to sympathy for others, resulting in prosocial behavior. Recently, Decety, from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, argued that affective arousal is the first component in place in development, followed by emotion understanding which develops lately and begins to be mature around the age of 2- to 3- years old, and finally the emotional regulation which develops throughout childhood and adolescent. In a previous study of our research team, EEG were recorded when adult participants performed pain judgment about dynamic animations which consisted of three consecutive pictures depicting painful or non-painful situations in others. This study revealed an anticipatory effect of N260 evoked by an imminent harm to others and increased late positive potentials (LPPs) when perceiving pain. Larger amplitudes of N260 were correlated with higher the ratings of unpleasantness. On the other hand, larger amplitudes of LPPs were correlated with higher dispositional measure of perspective taking in the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the neurodevelopmental change of pain empathy from early to late childhood. We recorded EEG in adults and children when they were in sight of the visual animations depicting painful or non-painful situations. We measured the differential waves of N260 and LPPs as the indexes of affective arousal and affective evaluation in pain empathy, respectively. The results showed that, in children aged from 3 to 9, the differential waves of N260 decreased with age. More adaptive behaviors in socialization domain were correlated with smaller differential waves of N260. The amplitudes LPPs increased with age. More adaptive behaviors in the sub-domain of interpersonal relationship were correlated with larger differential waves of LPPs. These findings suggested a decrease in affective arousal and an increase in affective evaluation through the development course of pain empathy, which may resulted in transformation from self-focused personal distress to other-focused sympathy. These results supported both Hoffman’s and Decety’s theories.

關鍵字(中)

★ 事件相關電位
★ 兒童發展
★ 同理心

關鍵字(英)

★ empathy
★ child development
★ event-related potential

論文目次

Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Purposes of the present study 4
Chapter 2: Literature review 5
2.1 Empathy and related constructs 5
Empathy 5
Emotion contagion and mimicry 5
Sympathy and personal distress 6
2.2 The development of empathy 6
2.2.1 Hoffman’s model 7
(1) Global empathic distress: reactive newborn cry 7
(2) Egocentric empathic distress 9
(3) Quasi-egocentric empathic distress 9
(4) Veridical empathy for another’s distress 10
(5) Empathic distress beyond the situation 10
2.2.2 The neurodevelopment of empathy 12
2.3 Temporal dynamics for perceiving pain in others 16
EEG paradigm on dynamic animations 17
Late positive potential 19
Summary of ERP components for pain empathy 22
Chapter 3: Experiment 23
3.1 Hypothesis and predicted result of this study 23
3.2 Method 24
3.2.1 Participants 24
3.2.2 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 25
3.2.3 Stimulus materials 26
3.2.4 Procedure 26
3.2.5 Apparatus and EEG recordings 27
3.2.6 Data Analysis 27
3.3 Results 30
3.3.1 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale 30
3.3.2 EEG data 31
N260 evoked by the first picture 32
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 32
3.3.2.1 Adult 33
N260 evoked by the first picture 34
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 34
3.3.2.2 4-5 years-old 35
N260 evoked by the first picture 36
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 36
3.3.2.3 6-7 years-old 37
N260 evoked by the first picture 38
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 38
3.3.2.4 8-9 years-old 38
N260 evoked by the first picture 40
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 40
3.3.2.5 Comparisons between age groups 40
N260 evoked by the first picture 40
Late positive potential evoked by the third picture 41
3.3.3 Correlation between age and the ERP components 41
3.3.4 Correlation between VABS and ERP components 42
Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusion 47
4.1 Summary of the research findings 47
N260 evoked by the first picture 47
Late Positive Potential evoked by the third picture 48
Summary 50
4.2 Limitation of the study 51
4.3 Future research 51
References 53
Appendix 60

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指導教授

張智宏、鄭雅薇
(Erik Chih-Hung Chang、Ya-Wei Cheng)

審核日期

2011-8-28

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