運動經濟學的三篇實證研究

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：9

、訪客IP：3.138.102.178

姓名

林軒宇(Hsuan-Yu Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

經濟學系

論文名稱

運動經濟學的三篇實證研究
(Three Essays on Sports Economics)

相關論文

★ 中國出口對鄰近東亞國家之影響	★ 貿易自由化對中國對外出口之影響
★ 從產業關聯表檢視美國再工業化成效	★ 出口、外人直接投資與勞動產出份額：中國的實證研究
★ 技術變動對薪資影響之研究－以臺灣製造業為例	★ 高等教育投資值得嗎? 研究所教育報酬之探討
★ 中國旅遊需求分析：世界遺產的影響	★ 中國銀行效率分析
★ 遠來的和尚會念經？NBA球員之薪資與效率分析	★ 開放政策，人力資本與區域經濟發展─越南的實證研究
★ 環境管制、研發與生產力:台灣製造業實證研究	★ 國際經濟學的三篇實證研究
★ 國家研發效率與生產力之分析	★ 外人援助，貪污，與經濟成長：門檻迴歸模型的應用
★ Three essays on China's regional economic analysis	★ 要素配置、結構調整和生產力動態 —印尼製造業的研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

隨著社會變遷與科技的進步，休閒娛樂漸漸的在現代人的生活中扮演愈來愈重要的角色，其中職業運動更是搭上這股浪潮，包括北美四大職業運動聯盟以及歐洲的職業足球聯盟等，在世界各地都迅速累積了為數可觀的球迷。由於球迷的熱情，許多關於職業球隊與球員的各項數據都被詳細的紀錄下來，而這些數據更成為經濟學家用來驗證經濟理論的良好素材。在本論文中，我使用了美國職棒大聯盟(Major League Baseball, MLB)的投打契約和薪資資訊、球員們場上攻守數據以及美國職業籃球聯盟(National Basketball Association, NBA)的球隊經營資料，分別實證研究了包括勞動經濟學、契約理論和企業經營管理等領域的三個議題。實證結果分別描述如下：
在第二章中，為了研究勞動經濟學上關心的一個議題—勞動者慣用手和其所獲薪資的關連，我蒐集了2002至2011球季328位MLB投手的薪資以及場上攻守數據的縱橫資料(panel data)，實證研究投手薪資議定時，左撇子在互動性運動中所享有的策略優勢(tactical advantages)是否會為左投手帶來相較於右投手薪資上的優勢。實證結果發現，在其他情況不變之下，左投手相較於右投手並不享有任何的薪資貼水。基於棒球運動的特性，可能的原因是：左投手的優勢僅僅出現在面對左打者時，面對右打者卻反而處於不利，以MLB右打者為多數的狀況下，左投手的左手優勢並不顯著，因此策略優勢並無法為左投手帶來任何薪資上的好處。此外，若更進一步依照任務將投手分成先發投手、中繼投手與終結者等三類，分析發現各類型投手中，左投手和右投手的薪資仍無顯著差異，顯示投手的薪資主要取決於球員的場上表現，和其慣用手並無關連，這樣的結果和大部分球迷的猜測並不相同。
第三章則將研究重點轉向不確定性和人力資本專屬性投資之間的關係。在契約理論中，不確定性如何影響契約長短並無定論，且人力資本專屬性投資在個人勞動契約中的角色缺少實證研究的支持，因此我使用2003至2011的MLB打者契約資料，以打者場上數據中無法被球隊預測的部分作為不確定性的代理變數，發現不確定性和契約長度呈現正向的關係，支持風險均攤假說(risk-sharing hypothesis)，顯示勞動契約符合其設計的初衷，確實能夠幫助勞動者分攤風險。另外，捕手相較於其他守備位置球員來說，投入了更多的人力資本專屬性投資，所以我選擇以捕手做為人力資本專屬性投資的代理變數，實證結果也發現，為了避免投機行為的發生，投入愈多人力資本專屬性投資的勞動者，也將獲得較長的契約長度作為保障。
最後，第四章則根據職業球隊經營的特性，估計NBA球隊經營效率，並針對實證結果提供經營建議。一般職業球隊的經營可分成兩個階段，第一階段將球員薪資轉換成球員的攻守數據，第二階段則是將球員的攻守數據進一步轉換成球隊勝利與球隊收入。在此生產結構之下，我利用兩階段數據包絡分析分解法(the additive efficiency decomposition in two-stage DEA)，將整體球隊經營效率分解成第一階段的薪資效率以及第二階段的場上效率，同時也內生解出這兩階段效率值各別佔整體效率值的比重。實證結果發現，一般NBA球隊第一階段的薪資效率高於第二階段的場上效率，且整體經營效率中，第一階段的效率比重遠遠高於第二階段所佔的效率比重，因此球隊經營者如果想提高整體經營效率，應該更用心於改善第一階段的薪資效率，在給予球員薪資時更加謹慎。

摘要(英)

With the society transformation and technology progress, the importance of leisure activities has become greater in today’s modern society. Among those leisure activities, professional sports have followed this trend and accumulate many fans around the globe. Thanks to fans’ enthusiasm, many detailed statistics of professional teams and players are recorded. Furthermore, these statistics have also been used by economists to examine many economic theories. In this dissertation, I adopt data from professional sports to study three issues in labor economics, contract theory, and management of enterprises, respectively.
In chapter 2, I collect the panel data that consists of MLB pitchers’ salary information and their on-field performance from 2002 to 2011, in order to investigate an important issue in labor economics—the correlation between labor handedness and their salaries. According to my results, there are no salary differences between left-handed pitchers and right-handed pitchers. The possible reason is that, based on the characteristics of baseball, left-handed pitchers have advantages only when facing left-handed batters. Right-handed hitters, conversely, give disadvantages to these southpaws. Provided that majority of batters are right-handed in MLB, the tactical advantage enjoyed by left-handers in interactive sports is not significant for left-handed pitchers. Therefore, tactical advantages of left-handers cannot offer left-handed pitchers any salary premium. Moreover, when further separating pitchers into three types: starters, relievers, and closers, there is still no salary premium being discovered on left-handed pitchers within any types of pitchers. These results suggest that handedness does not matter to pitchers’ salaries. How many salaries a pitcher can obtain is mainly determined from his on-field performance.
In chapter 3, the focus is turned to examine how uncertainty and specific human capital affect the negotiated contract length. In the field of contract theory, there has been no consensus being reached on the relationship between uncertainty and contract duration. Moreover, there is no study investigating the effects of specific human investment on contract length. Therefore, I gather MLB batters’ contract information from 2003 to 2011 to conduct the research. Using the unobservable portion of batters’ on-field performance as a proxy for production uncertainty, I find that contract duration is positively related to uncertainty. This result supports the risk-sharing hypothesis, suggesting that labor contracts which are designed to protect workers can effectively reduce their risks. On the other hand, catchers, compared to other position players, devote more human specific capital to their teams. Therefore, I use catcher as a proxy for specific investment. My results reveal that labors who devote more specific human capital will obtain longer contract duration so as to prevent opportunistic behavior from happening.
Finally, according to the characteristics of professional sports teams’ operation, chapter 4 evaluates the efficiency of teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and provides suggestions for team executives. Generally, a team’s production structure can be divided into two stages. The first stage transforms salaries into players’ performance; the second stage combines player performance to generate wins and revenues. Under this assumption, I apply the additive efficiency decomposition in two-stage DEA to separate team efficiency into first-stage wage efficiency, second-stage on-court efficiency, and endogenously find out the individual weights for each stage. The empirical results show that NBA teams perform better in first stage than in the second stage. Moreover, NBA teams, on average, tend to possess a higher weight in the first stage, suggesting that team executives can enhance team efficiency more efficaciously by prudentially recruiting players.

關鍵字(中)

★ 薪資
★ 慣用手
★ 契約長度
★ 不確定性
★ 專屬性投資
★ 球隊效率

關鍵字(英)

★ Salary
★ Handedness
★ Contract duration
★ Uncertainty
★ Specific investment
★ Team efficiency

論文目次

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Handedness and Wage: Evidence from MLB Pitchers 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Left-handed Myths and Literature Review 8
2.2.1 Left-handed advantages: Myths or facts? 8
2.2.2 Literature review 11
2.3 Empirical Specifications and Data 13
2.3.1 Empirical Specifications 13
2.3.2 Data sources 18
2.4 Empirical Results 21
2.4.1 Does handedness affect pitchers’ salaries? 21
2.4.2 Does handedness play a different role in different types of pitchers? 25
2.5 Conclusion 28
Chapter 3 Uncertainty, Specific Investment, and Contract Duration: Evidence from theMLB Player Market 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Data Source and Hypotheses 33
3.2.1 Data Source 33
3.2.2 Hypotheses establishment 35
3.3 Empirical Specification and Variable Construction 39
3.3.1 The construction of productive uncertainty proxy 39
3.3.2 Empirical model of contract length 41
3.4. Empirical Results and Discussions 45
3.4.1 The main results 45
3.4.2 Robustness checks 51
3.5 Conclusion 54
Chapter 4 Measuring the Efficiency of NBA Teams: Additive Efficiency Decomposition in Two-stage DEA 56
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Literature Review 59
4.3 Methodology, Empirical Specification, and Data 62
4.3.1 One-stage Process Versus Two-stage Process in DEA 62
4.3.2 Additive Efficiency Decomposition Approach in the Two-stage Process 63
4.3.3 Data of Inputs, Intermediate Factor, and Final Outputs 67
4.4 Overall Efficiency and Model Check 69
4.4.1 Dynamics of Teams’ Overall Efficiency 69
4.4.2 The One-stage Framework Versus the Two-stage Framework 74
4.5 Wage and On-court Efficiency and Weights 76
4.5.1 Team’s Wage Efficiency and Team’s On-court Efficiency 77
4.5.2 The Weights Between the First Stage and the Second Stage 81
4.5.3 Management Insights from Two-stage DEA Model 84
4.6 Concluding Remarks 85
Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications 87
References 90
Appendix… 99

參考文獻

Anderson, T.R. and G.P. Sharp (1997), A New Measure of Baseball Batters Using DEA, Annals of Operations Research, 73(1), 141-155.
Appa, G. and H.P. Williams (2006), A New Framework for the Solution of DEA Models, European Journal of Operational Research, 172, 604-615.
Baily, M. (1977), On the Theory of Layoffs and Unemployment, Econometrica, 45, 1043-1063.
Baldini, K., M.T. Gills and M.E. Ryan (2011), Do Relief Pitching and Remaining Games Create Moral Hazard Problems in Major League Baseball? Journal of Sports Economics, 12(6), 647-659.
Bandiera, O. (2007), Contract Duration and Investment Incentives: Evidence from Land Tenancy Agreements, Journal of the European Economic Association, 5, 953-986.
Banker, R.D., A. Charnes and W.W. Cooper (1984), Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
Bartel, A. and N. Sicherman (1999), Technological change and wages: an interindustry analysis, Journal of Political Economy, 107(2), 285-325.
Becker, G.S. (1964), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. New York : National Bureau of Economic Research.
Becker, G.S. (2009), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, University of Chicago Press, IL, U.S.
Bellemore, F.A. (2001), Racial and Ethnic Employment Discrimination Promotion in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, 2(4), 356-368.

Bodvarsson, O.B. and K. Banaian (1998), The Value of Arbitration Rights in Major League Baseball: Implications for Salaries and Discrimination, Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 37(1), 65-80.
Bradbury J.C. and D. Drinen (2006), Research Notes: The Designated Hitter, Moral Hazard, and Hit Batters: New Evidence From Game-Level Data, Journal of Sports Economics, 7(3), 319-329.
Bradbury J.C. and D. Drinen (2007), Crime and Punishment in Major League Baseball: The Case of the Designated Hitter and Hit Batters, Economic Inquiry, 45(1), 131-144.
Bradbury, J.C. (2007), Does the Baseball Labor Market Properly Value Pitchers? Journal of Sports Economics, 8(8), 616-632.
Brickley, J.A., S. Misra and R.L. Van Horn (2006), Contract Duration: Evidence from Franchising, Journal of Law and Economics, 49, 173-196.
Bryson, A, B. Frick, and R. Simmons. (2013), The Returns to Scarce Talent: Footedness and Player Remuneration in European Soccer, CEP Discussion Paper No. 948
Canzoneri, M.B. (1980), Labor Contracts and Monetary Policy, Journal of Monetary Economics, 6, 241-255.
Case, A. and C. Paxson (2008), Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes, Journal of Political Economy, 116(3), 499-532.
Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper and E. Rhodes (1978), Measuring Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
Chen, Y., W.D. Cook, N. Li and J. Zhu (2009), Additive Efficiency Decomposition in Two-stage DEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 196(3), 1170-1176.
Chen, Y., L. Liang, F. Yang and J. Zhu. (2006), Evaluation of Information Technology Investment: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach, Computers and Operational Research, 33(5), 1368-1379.

Christofides, L.N. (1985), The Impact of Controls on Wage Contract Duration, The Economic Journal, 95, 161-168.
Christofides, L.N. and D.A. Wilton (1983), The Determinants of Contract Length: An Empirical Analysis Based On Canadian Micro Data, Journal of Monetary Economics, 12, 309-319.
Coates, D. and S.A. Fard (2011), Returns to Handedness in Professional Hockey, Working Paper Series, No. 11-21, University of Maryland.
Coelli, T., D.S.P. Rao and G.E. Battese (1998), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Coelli, T., D.S.P. Rao, C.J. O’Donnell and G.E. Battese (2005), An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Cooper, W.W., J.L. Ruiz and I. Sirvent (2009), Selecting Non-zero Weights to Evaluate Effectiveness of Basketball Players with DEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 195(2), 563-574.
Crocker, K.J. and S.E. Masten (1988), Mitigating Contractual Hazards: Unilateral Options and Contract Length, RAND Journal of Economics, 19, 327-343.
Danziger, L. (1988), Real Shocks, Efficient Risk Sharing, and the Duration of Labor Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 435-440.
Denny, K. and V. O’Sullivan (2007), The Economic Consequences of Being Left-handed: Some Sinister Results, Journal of Human Resources, 42(2), 353-374.
Dye, R.A. (1985), Optimal Length of Labor Contracts, International Economic Review, 26, 251-270.
Espitia-Escuer, M. and L.I. GarcIa-CebriAn (2004), Measuring the Efficiency of Spanish First-Division Soccer Teams, Journal of Sports Economics, 5(4), 329-346.
Fare, R. and S. Grosskopf (2000), Network DEA, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 34(1), 35-49.
Felli, L. and C. Harris (1996), Learning, Wage Dynamics, and Firm-Specific Human Capital, Journal of Political Economy, 104(4), 838-868.
Fizel, J. (1996), Bias in Salary Arbitration: the Case of Major League Baseball, Applied Economics, 28, 255-265.
Folloni, G. and G. Vittadini (2010), Human Capital Investment: A Survey, Journal of Economic Survey, 24(2), 248-279.
Fort, R., Y.H. Lee and D. Berri (2008), Race, Technical Efficiency, and Retention: The Case of NBA Coaches, International Journal of Sport Finance, 3(1), 84-97.
Garcia-Sanchez, M. (2007), Efficiency and effectiveness of Spanish football teams: a three-stage-DEA approach, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 15(1), 21-45.
Goldberg, V.P. (1976), Regulation and Administered Contracts, Bell Journal of Economics, 7, 426-448.
Gonzalez-Gomez , F. and A.J. Picazo-Tadeo (2010), Can We Be Satisfied With Our Football Team? Evidence From Spanish Professional Football, Journal of Sports Economics, in press.
Goodman, J. (2014), The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure and Human Capital Accumulation, Journal of Economic Perspective, 28(4), in press.
Gourieroux, C., A. Montfort, and A. Trognon (1984), Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Methods: Applications to Poisson Models, Econometrica, 52, 701-720.
Gray, J.A. (1978), On Indexation and Contract Length, Journal of Political Economy, 86, 1-18.
Groothuis, P.A. and J.R. Hill (2008), Exit Discrimination in Major League Baseball: 1990-2004, Southern Economic Journal, 75(2), 574-590.
Guriev, S. and D. Kvasov (2005), Contracting on Time, American Economic Review, 95(5), 1369-1385.
Gustafson, E. and L. Hadley (1995), Arbitration and Salary Gaps in Major League Baseball, Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 34(3), 32-46.
Guzman, I. and S. Morrow (2007), Measuring Efficiency and Productivity in Professional Football Teams: Evidence from the English Premier League, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 15(4), 309-328.
Haas, D.J. (2003), Productive Efficiency of English Football Teams - A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach, Managerial and Decision Economics, 24(5), 403-410.
Hass, D.J. (2003), Technical Efficiency in Major League Soccer, Journal of Sports Economics, 4(3), 203-215.
Haas, D., M.G. Kocher and M. Sutter (2004), Measuring Efficiency of German Football Teams by Data Envelopment Analysis, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 12(1), 251-268.
Hakes, J.K. and C. Turner (2011), Pay, Productivity and Aging in Major League Baseball, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 35(1), 61-74.
Harris, M. and B. Holmstrom (1987), On the Duration of Agreements, International Economic Review, 28(2), 389-406.
Holfer, R.A. and J.E. Payne (1997), Measuring Efficiency in the National Basketball Association, Economics Letters, 55(2), 293-299.
Holmes, P. (2011), New Evidence of Salary Discrimination in Major League Baseball, Labour Economics, 18(3), 320-331.
Holmstrom, B. (1983), Equilibrium Long-Term Labor Contracts, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 23-54.
Jane, W.J., W.H. Kong and Y.H. Wang (2010). Individual Efficiency and Club Performance: A Panel Analysis of Professional Baseball, Managerial and Decision Economics, 31(5), 363-372.

Jewell, R.T. and D.J. Molina (2004), Productive Efficiency and Salary Distribution: The Case of US Major League Baseball, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 51(1), 127-142.
Joskow, P.L. (1987), Contract Duration and Relationship-Specific Investments: Empirical Evidence from Coal Markets, American Economic Review, 77, 168-185.
Kahn, L. (1993), Free Agency, Long-term Contracts and Compensation in Major League Baseball: Estimates from Panel Data, Review of Economics and Statistics, 75, 157-164.
Kahn, L. (2000), The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory, Journal of Economic Perspective, 14(3), 75-94.
Kao, C. and S.N. Hwang (2008), Efficiency Decomposition in Two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis: An Application to Non-life Insurance Companies in Taiwan, European Journal of Operational Research, 185(1), 418-429.
Kawaura, A. and S.J. La Croix (2007), The Designated Hitter Rule and Team Defensive Strategy in Japan’s Professional Baseball Leagues, Journal of Sports Economics, 8(5), 491-504.
Kawaura, A. (2010), Designated Hitter Rule Debate: A Search for Mr. Hyde in Pitchers, Journal of Sports Economics, 11(3), 349-357.
Klein, B., R.G. Crawford and A.A. Alchian (1978), Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process, Journal of Law and Economics, 21, 297-326.
Krautmann, A.C. and M. Oppenheimer (2002), Contract Length and the Return to Performance in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, 3, 6-17.
Lambrinos, J. and T.D. Ashman (2007), Salary Determination in the National Hockey League is Arbitration Efficient? Journal of Sports Economics, 8(2), 192-201.
Lee, Y.H. and D. Berri (2008), A Re-examination of Production Functions and Efficiency Estimates for the National Basketball Association, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 55(1), 51-66.
Lewis, H.F. and T.R. Sexton (2004), Network DEA: Efficiency Analysis of Organizations with Complex Internal Structure, Computers & Operations Research, 31(9), 1365-1410.
Lewis, H.F., T.R. Sexton and K.A. Lock (2007), Player Salaries, Organizational Efficiency, and Competitiveness in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, 8(3), 266-294.
Link, C.R. and M. Yosifov (2012), Contract Length and Salaries Compensating Wage Differentials in Major League Baseball, Journal of Sports Economics, 13, 3-19.
Loffing, F., N. Hagemann and B. Strauss (2010), Automated Processes in Tennis: Do Left-handed Players Benefit from the Tactical Preferences of their Opponents? Journal of Sports Science, 28(4), 435-443.
Lovell, A.K. and S.S. Schmidt (1993), Production Frontiers and Productive Efficiency, the Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Marburger, D.R. (1994), Bargaining Power and the Structure of Salaries in Major League Baseball, Managerial and Decision Economics, 15(5), 433-441.
Maxcy, J. (2004), Motivating Long-term Employment Contracts: Risk Management in Major League Baseball, Managerial and Decision Economics, 25, 109-120.
Murnane, R.J., J.B. Willett and F. Levy (1995), The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determinants, Review of Economics and Statistics, 77(2), 251-266.
Murphy, K.J. (1992), Determinants of Contract Duration in Collective Bargaining Agreement, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45(2), 352-365.
Pearson, K. (1901), On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 2, 559-572.
Persico, N., A. Postlewaite and D. Silverman (2004), The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height, Journal of Political Economy, 112(5), 1019-1053.
Pinnuck, M. and B. Potter (2006), Impact of On-field Football Success on the Off-field Financial Performance of AFL Football Clubs, Accounting & Finance, 46(3), 499-517.
Raymond, M., D. Pontier, A.B. Dufour and A.P. Moller (1996), Frequency-dependent maintenance of left handedness in humans, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 263(1377), 1627-1633.
Reubeck, C.S., J.E. Harrington, Jr., and R. Moffitt (2007), Handedness and Earnings, Laterality, 12(2), 101-120.
Rich, R. and J. Tracy (2004), Uncertainty and Labor Contract Durations, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, 270-287.
Riordan, M.H. and O.E. Williamson (1985), Asset Specificity and Economic Organization, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 3, 365-378.
Schultz, T.P. (2002), Wage Gains Associated with Height as a Form of Health Human Capital, American Economic Review, 92(2), 349-353.
Scully, G.W. (1974), Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball, American Economic Review, 64(6), 915-930.
Seiford, L.M. and J. Zhu (1999), Profitability and Marketability of the Top 55 U.S. Commercial Banks, Management Science, 45(9), 1270-1288.
Sexton, T.R. and H.F. Lewis (2003), Two-stage DEA: An Application to Major League Baseball, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 19(2-3), 227-249.
Staiger, D. and J. Stock (1997), Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments, Econometrica, 65, 557-586.
Tiedemann, T., T. Francksen and U. Latacz-Lohmann (2011), Assessing the Performance of German Bundesliga Football Players: A Non-parametric Metafrontier Approach, Central European Journal of Operations Research, 19(4), 571-587.
Vroman, S.B. (1989), Inflation Uncertainty and Contract Duration, Review of Economics and Statistics, 71, 677-681.
Vrooman, J. (1996), The Baseball Players’ Labor Market Reconsidered, Southern Economic Journal, 63(2), 339-360.
Wallace, F.H. (2001), The Effects of Shock Size and Type on Labor-Contract Duration, Journal of Labor Economics, 19, 658-681.
Wallace, F.H. and H. Blanco (1991), The Effects of Real and Nominal Shocks on Union-Firm Contract Duration, Journal of Monetary Economics, 27, 361-380.
Williamson, O.E., M.L. Wachter and J.E. Harris (1975), Understanding the Employment Relation: The Analysis of Idiosyncratic Exchange, Bell Journal of Economics, 6, 250-278.
Williamson, O.E. (1979), Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations, Journal of Law and Economics, 22, 233-261.
Williamson, O.E. (1983), Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange, American Economic Review, 73, 519-540.

指導教授

楊志海(Chih-Hai Yang)

審核日期

2014-6-26

推文