以半自動化模式建置公開資料之三維建物模型

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姓名

爾文超(Erwin Isaac Alvarez Polanco) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

國際永續發展碩士在職專班

論文名稱

以半自動化模式建置公開資料之三維建物模型
(A Semi-automatic Approach for 3D Building Modelingfrom Free Data)

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摘要(中)

數碼城市的應用在近年內越來越普及，且廣受各界的注重。然而，
針對數據和圖資的取得管道與高額的費用，以及如何開發有效率
的三維建物模型建製之標準作業程序，皆需去克服與改進。
本研究所提出的演算法能利用網路上提供的完全免費的數據（包
含衛星、航照與街景影像）來建製三維建物模型。此特性將有助
於部份資源有限的國家或地區，在現有圖資的條件下建製出基礎
的三維建物模型。為了達成此目標，本研究提出了一個融合各類
影像的作業流程，主要分為兩個步驟：1.建築物辨識：藉由航遙
測影像偵測出建物的外輪廓線；2.不同細緻成度的三維建物模型
建造。
第一階段包括影像增揚、分類、邊緣檢測、影像形態演
算法、向量化與規則化;
第二階段則由平面區塊建立出積木模型
(BlockModel)，並針對著名地標建立包括紋理敷貼的高細緻度模
型。
研究結果顯示所提出的方法能成功且有效的利用免費的圖資與數
據建製三維建物模型，在測試區1224棟建築物影像當中，成功偵
測出1150棟建築物，達到93.94％的完成度。重建的三維模型在平
面的位置有相較合理的準確度。本研究利用開放資料及影像，開
發出相對低成本的三維建物模型建製程序，其成果適用於都市規
劃或防災演練等領域當中。

摘要(英)

In recent years, cyber cities have become very popular and useful in many applications.
However many problems remain unaddressed, specially those related to the difficult and
expensive acquisition of the data required to create three dimensional (3D) building models
and the tedious and time consuming procedures to be carried out.
The objective of this study is to propose a procedure for creating 3D building models using
completely free data available on the internet including satellite and ground images. The
proposed approach can be used as a framework for building spatial datasets (3D building
models) for countries or regions with limited access to advanced commercial and other spatial
data sources. In order to achieve this goal, a combination of different image processing
algorithms were performed. The entire process was divided into two main parts: buildings
detection, in which the purpose is the determination of the building outlines of the city
through an object-based analysis, and the creation of the 3D building model in different levels
of detail (LOD). The first phase comprises tasks of image enhancements, classification, edge
detection, mathematical image morphology algorithms, vectorization, regularization and
refinement. The second phase includes the building modeling from floor plans, and the
creation of highly detailed models for a few landmark buildings, including textures mapping,
selection, croppig, rotation and inpainting.
The final results prove that the proposed approach is effective for creating 3D building
models using free data. A quantitative analysis indicates that 1150 buildings out of the 1224
buildings shown in the image were successfully extracted, achieving 93.94% of completeness.
The reconstructed 3D building models are also accurate in terms of location. The method
proposed in this study provides a relatively economical alternative for creating 3D city
models from freely available images and other data. The generated models can be used for
different applications such as city planning and location-based service.

關鍵字(中)

★ 矢量化
★ 物件導向分析
★ 影像形態學
★ 免費數據
★ 建築物提取
★ 紋理敷貼
★ 建物建模
★ 正規化

關鍵字(英)

★ building modeling
★ texture mapping
★ regularization
★ vectorization
★ object-based analysis
★ image morphology
★ free data
★ Buildings extraction

論文目次

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Objective and scope ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Study area and data sources .......................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 5
2.1 Data acquisition .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Image processing, analysis and interpretation ............................................................. 5
2.3 Buildings extraction ....................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Shape analysis of objects in images .......................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Shadow indentification, clustering and extraction .................................................... 9
2.3.3 Candidate buildings verification and detection ....................................................... 10
2.3.4 Semiautomatic and automatic image interpretation ................................................ 11
2.4 Creating 3D building models ....................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Level Of Detail 1 (LOD1) ....................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Level Of Detail 3 (LOD3) ....................................................................................... 15
2.4.3 Texture mapping of 3D buildings models ............................................................... 15
Chapter 3: DATA ACQUISITION AND METHODOLOGY ........................................... 16
3.1 General description ...................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Overview and assumptions .......................................................................................... 19
3.3 Proposed approach and obstacles ............................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: RESULTS, EVALUATION AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................... 32
4.1 Image processing and analysis ..................................................................................... 32
4.1.1 Image enhancement ................................................................................................. 32
4.1.2 Image classification ................................................................................................. 34
4.1.3 Image morphology, edge detection and image cleaning ......................................... 37
4.1.4 Lines regularization ................................................................................................. 40
4.2 3D building model generation ..................................................................................... 41
4.2.1 Floor plan vectorization and refinement .................................................................. 41
4.2.2 Floor plan modeling ................................................................................................. 43
4.2.3 Creation of the 3D building model .......................................................................... 44
4.2.4 Roof Texturing ........................................................................................................ 56
4.3 Completeness analysis .................................................................................................. 58
4.3.1 Floor plans analysis ................................................................................................. 59
4.4 Placing the 3D building model in Google Earth ........................................................ 62
Chapter 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................. 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 68

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指導教授

蔡富安(Fuan Tsai)

審核日期

2012-7-26

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