利用邊界元素法探討急折褶皺之形成機制

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梁又升(Yu-sheng Liang) 查詢紙本館藏

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地球科學學系

論文名稱

利用邊界元素法探討急折褶皺之形成機制
(Study on formation of kink folds through boundary element method)

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摘要(中)

急折褶皺是種具有急劇轉折形貌的褶皺，並具有尖銳的樞紐和筆直且不對稱的翼部，通常會由一較短之翼連接兩長翼，此短翼稱為急折帶。常於劈理面發達的變質岩中出現，如：板岩、片岩與千枚岩，亦可在部分呈薄層狀的沉積岩中發現。急折褶皺形成的機制與曲滑褶皺作用類似，但滑動僅限於急折帶內。本研究以邊界元素法，模擬複層受外力作用下的褶曲變形，模型中的複層層面得以變化摩擦強度與凝聚強度，藉此探討急折褶皺形成的條件。研究結果顯示摩擦強度（摩擦角）、凝聚強度（凝聚力）和初始應力之比R_σ^0對於形成急折褶皺具有相當重要的影響。急折褶皺無法在複層層面只具有摩擦強度的情況下形成。在只具有凝聚力的條件下，形成急折褶皺所需之凝聚力需大於楊氏係數的0.004到0.005倍。對於共軛急折褶皺的形成，若在沒有凝聚強度的情況下，則摩擦角必須介於13˚到38˚，且R_σ^0需大於0.2，才能形成急折褶皺；對於單斜急折褶皺，則R_σ^0需大於0.75。考慮三參數之關係，於摩擦角小於35˚的模型中，若其初始垂直應力較大時，形成急折褶皺所需的層面凝聚力與摩擦角相對下調；於摩擦角大於35˚的模型中，則形成急折褶皺的條件範圍變廣，取代了部分原先為複雜褶皺之區域以急折褶皺取而代之。以上研究結果得自於水平縮短量為35.9%，層面數為16的複層模型。

摘要(英)

The features of kink folds are sharp hinges and straight asymmetric limbs; a shorter limb, which is called kink band, connects two longer limbs. Strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists, phyllites, and thin-bedded sedimentary rocks, commonly display kink folds. The properties of kink folds resemble flexural slip folds, but the slip between the layers is highly localized within shorter limbs, also known as kink bands. I use boundary element method to develop multilayer models, consisting of interface-slip in an elastic medium with possibly different parameters on interfaces of adjacent layers. The results show that the properties of interfaces (i.e., cohesion and friction) and initial differential stress play important roles in finite forms of folds. I find out that a multilayer with stand-alone friction on its interfaces cannot produce kink folds; and the lower limit of stand-alone cohesion divided by Young’s modulus ranges from 0.004 to 0.005. Friction can produce kink folds if the ratio of the vertical initial remote stress to horizontal initial remote stress (initial differential stress) is larger than 0.2, under the condition that the compression parallel to the interface, and equals to 0.75 when compression incline to the interface at 1˚ without cohesion by friction angle from 13˚ to 38˚. Considering the relation of three parameters, lower friction and cohesion can produce kink folds if the ratio of the initial differential stress is larger by friction angle is less than 35˚; kink folds replace the parts of original complex folds if the ratio of the initial differential stress is larger by friction angle is greater than 35˚.
The results of this study are attain from models under the shortening of 35.9% with an incremental far-field strain of 0.02 for multilayer models of 16 interfaces.

關鍵字(中)

★ 急折褶皺
★ 急折帶
★ 庫倫摩擦準則
★ 邊界元素法
★ 褶皺作用
★ 凝聚強度
★ 摩擦強度

關鍵字(英)

★ kink fold
★ kink band
★ coulomb friction criterion
★ boundary element method
★ folding
★ cohesive strength
★ frictional strength

論文目次

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 xi
符號說明 xii
第一章緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 1
1.3 本文內容及架構 3
第二章前人研究之文獻回顧 5
2.1 野外觀察及實驗模擬 5
2.2 急折褶皺運動學分析 7
2.3 數值模型與力學分析 11
第三章研究方法及原理 24
3.1 基本原理 24
3.2 參數之效應 25
3.2.1 力學複層與被動標誌層之差異 26
3.2.2 層面數（ni） 26
3.2.3 摩擦強度（frictional strength） 27
3.2.4 凝聚強度（cohesive strength） 29
3.2.5 初始應力之比（R_σ^0） 30
第四章模擬結果 45
4.1 共軛急折褶皺（conjugate kink folds） 45
4.2 單斜急折褶皺（monoclinal kink folds or kink bands） 48
第五章討論 74
5.1 與前人提出模式的比較 74
5.2 與實際急折褶皺的比較 76
第六章結論 84
參考文獻 86
附錄A 89

參考文獻

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指導教授

黃文正(Wen-jeng Huang)

審核日期

2013-1-30

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