不可逆絕熱邏輯與靜態隨機存取記憶體之設計

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姓名

洪棨桐(Chi-Tong Hong) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

電機工程學系

論文名稱

不可逆絕熱邏輯與靜態隨機存取記憶體之設計
(Design of Irreversible Adiabatic Logic and Static Random Access Memory)

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摘要(中)

本論文囊括二個不同的部份：第一部份探討低功率設計中的絕熱邏輯，並提出一改良之架構；第二部份為高效能靜態隨機存取記憶體的設計。
互補能量路徑絕熱邏輯 (CEPAL)改良半靜態能量回復邏輯 (QSERL)，透過增加一組充、放電的電晶體，產生互補的充、放電路徑。其電路使用單一互補弦波、以不需要相位交錯的多級結構、輸出端有著類似傳統CMOS電路的靜態特性為特色。CEPAL比起QSERL，有效縮短了輸出端的浮接時間，並具有更好的抗漏電流能力、雜訊容忍度、負載推動能力與製程穩定度。本文更將所提出之CEPAL應用在序向電路中不可或缺的D型正反器上，以TSMC 0.18-um CMOS製程進行模擬，當電路操作於25 MHz時，CEPAL比起QSERL能節省多達60%的總體能量效益，搭配吾人所提出的“共用概念 (share scheme)”，在實現CEPAL電路上，能有著相同於實現QSERL電路的面積花費。
在本文的另一部份-靜態隨機存取記憶體之設計，吾人主要在於改變架構中的記憶單元、寫入電路與感測放大器。吾人先提出改變記憶單元中元件的外觀比以增加栓鎖資料的抗雜訊能力；之後，更進一步提出利用縮小寫入資料的電壓擺幅，以降低寫入時的功率損耗，再透過等電位訊號取代預充電的操作，提升讀取時的感測速度。吾人設計並模擬一4 kb的靜態隨機存取記憶體(使用Cadence及Hspice)，在供應電應為1.8 V與時脈頻率為1 GHz的操作情況下，8位元資料的輸出訊號均可達500 MHz，晶片整體(含輸出緩衝器)的功率損耗為8.932 mW，所設計之4 kb記憶體已透過國家晶片中心完成晶片下線製造。

摘要(英)

This thesis embraces two different themes. The first is the improvement in adiabatic logic for low-power design. The other is on the design of an efficient static random access memory (SRAM).
With reference to the first part, a structure called complementary energy path adiabatic logic (CEPAL) is proposed to improve the insufficiency of quasi-static energy recovery logic (QSERL). CEPAL employs respectively one additional transistor in its charging / discharging paths, compared to the QSERL counterpart, such that it can be with complementary energy paths. In addition, two complementary sinusoidal power clocks are used to achieve static CMOS characteristics. The two sinusoidal clocks do not require complex clocking schemes. CEPAL shortens substantially the time with respect to output floating, and has better fault tolerance, static noise margin, driving ability, and tolerance to process variation than QSERL.
In addition to the presented logic style, CEPAL was further applied to D flip-flop that is essential to the sequential circuits. We studied the properties of interest by means of a 0.18-um CMOS process. The CEPAL DFF achieves an energy saving of 60% compared to its QSERL counterpart when operating at 25 MHz. With the proposed share scheme, the two logic styles can have the same area cost in terms of the designed circuits.
As for the design of the SRAM, cell, write circuit and sense amplifier are of major improvement. In this part, we first propose to vary the cell aspect ratio so as to improve its static noise margin. We then propose to reduce the power loss during the write operation through shrinking the voltage swing on writing in data. Notably, we improve the sensing speed on read through using “equalizing” in place of the “precharging” in bit lines.
We have designed and simulated a 4-kb SRAM using Cadence environment and Hspice. Simulation results show that while the designed 4-kb SRAM is set up at 1-GHz clock and nominal 1.8-V DC power supply, the 8-bit data outputs can have up to 500-MHz speed, with a total power consumption (including the output buffers) of 8.932 mW. The designed SRAM has been fabricated through the National Chip Implementation Center (CIC), Taiwan, R.O.C..

關鍵字(中)

★ 靜態隨機存取記憶體
★ 低功率
★ 絕熱邏輯

關鍵字(英)

★ CEPAL
★ low power
★ SRAM

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xiii
第一章導論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 相關絕熱電路研究及現況 1
1-3 相關靜態隨機存取記憶體研究及現況 3
1-4 論文大綱 4
第二章熱電路 5
2-1 絕熱電路原理 5
2-2 絕熱電路之非絕熱損耗 7
2-3 絕熱電路之絕熱損耗 8
2-4 絕熱電路架構回顧 8
2-4-1 絕熱動態邏輯 8
2-4-2 2N-2N2D邏輯族 10
2-4-3 電荷回收邏輯 11
2-4-4 2N-2N2P邏輯族 13
2-4-5 時序控制絕熱邏輯 14
2-4-6 傳輸電晶體絕熱邏輯 15
2-4-7 NMOS下拉電路結構之傳輸電晶體絕熱邏輯 16
2-4-8 單一相位能量回覆邏輯 17
2-4-9 源極交錯式絕熱邏輯 19
2-4-10 單一相位時脈絕熱邏輯 21
2-4-11 單電源之半靜態能量回覆邏輯 22
2-4-12 半靜態能量回覆邏輯 23
2-5 回顧絕熱電路之比較表 25
第三章互補路徑之絕熱邏輯 28
3-1 互補路徑之絕熱邏輯操作原理 28
3-2 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之浮接時間 30
3-3 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之漏電流影響 32
3-4 絕熱電路之雜訊容忍度 33
3-5 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之推動能力 37
3-6 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之面積花費 39
3-7 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之功率效益 41
3-8 互補路徑絕熱邏輯之電壓偏移 42
3-9 絕熱邏輯與穩定度之關係 42
3-9-1 次臨限邏輯之DTMOS 43
3-9-2 能量損耗與不同邏輯之關係 44
3-9-3 邏輯延遲時間對頻率之穩定度測試 44
3-9-4 邏輯延遲時間對供應電源之穩定度測試 46
3-9-5 邏輯延遲時間對溫度之穩定度測試 46
3-9-6 邏輯延遲時間對製程之穩定度測試 47
3-9-7 邏輯延遲時間對負載之穩定度測試 48
3-9-8 CEPAL與DTMOS之特性比較 49
3-10 CEPAL之D型正反器 50
3-10-1 CEPAL之臨限電壓不匹配 52
3-10-2 D型正反器之時脈傾斜 53
3-10-3 D型正反器之相位偏移 54
3-11 CEPAL結論 56
第四章 SRAM原理與架構回顧 57
4-1 記憶體之特性與應用 57
4-2 SRAM架構簡介 58
4-3 記憶單元 59
4-4 寫入電路 61
4-5 感測電路 64
第五章 SRAM設計 67
5-1 SRAM架構 67
5-2 列解碼器 68
5-3 行解碼器 72
5-4 記憶單元 72
5-5 記憶單元陣列 75
5-6 寫入電路 75
5-7 感測放大器 77
第六章模擬結果與佈局考量 81
6-1 設計流程 81
6-2 列解碼器模擬結果 82
6-3 行解碼器模擬結果 84
6-4 記憶單元模擬結果 85
6-5 寫入電路模擬結果 87
6-6 感測放大器模擬結果 89
6-7 記憶體電路模擬結果 91
6-8 佈局考量 95
6-9 佈局平面圖與晶片規格 97
6-10 論文比較 98
第七章測試考量與未來方向 99
7-1 測試考量 99
7-2 未來的改進方向 101
參考文獻 102
附錄一 105

參考文獻

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指導教授

蘇純賢、薛木添
(Chun-Hsien Su、Muh-Tian Shiue)

審核日期

2008-1-22

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