獨立發明人與發明商品化之研究

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鍾曉君(Hsiao-chun Chung) 查詢紙本館藏

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產業經濟研究所

論文名稱

獨立發明人與發明商品化之研究
(Analysis on Independent Inventors and Commercialization of Inventions)

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摘要(中)

本研究主要欲探討在目前強調知識經濟、創意至上的時代，獨立發明人發揮其創意，做出各式各樣的發明物品，並將之商品化，推廣至市場之中，創造出可觀的經濟價值。利用問卷調查方式，從中瞭解獨立發明人之基本資料、特質，創新歷程、商品化經驗；同時藉由與發明人面對面的訪談，深入探究獨立發明人發明商品化的寶貴經驗；再加上實證模型的分析結果，從中瞭解影響發明人商品化績效的主要因素所在。而後將上述三部分所得到的結果，相互呼應、歸納，使本研究所要討論的主題，更為完備、清晰。
本研究於經濟部智慧財產局主辦之2006年「台北國際發明暨技術交易展覽會」中，進行實地的問卷調查，除了當場與發明人進行訪談外，亦蒐集了最初級、有效的獨立發明人的基本資料與相關發明商品化問題之感受的調查結果。在悉心整理問卷統計結果後，針對五名擁有豐富發明商品化經驗之獨立發明人，做深入的訪談。主要目的在瞭解獨立發明人的發明歷程與其在進行發明商品化過程中所遇到之難題與解決方法，以及受訪者們對其他獨立發明人在發明商品化過程中，必須事先瞭解、多加注意的細節之種種建議。
從研究調查中，清楚的顯示興趣是延續發明熱情的原動力，因此，發明人之所以成為發明人的動機，最主要的就是對研發活動有著高度的興趣，支持著發明人一連串的創新發明歷程。對發明人而言，可稱之為成功的商品化之定義者，在調查中顯示：商品化的產品能夠上市、獲得一定比例的投資報酬率兩者，是獨立發明人最為重視的。而市場對產品的認識不足和發明人的產品行銷策略不吸引人，是消費者對產品接受度低的主因；相反地，新穎少見又具實用性的產品以及可大量生產具規模經濟而價格低廉的產品，較受消費者與市場的青睞。
進一步探究影響發明人商品化績效因素與銷售收入表現，利用實證模型的分析可發現：獨立發明人在創新發明的經驗上越是豐富，嘗試商品化的經驗上也就更加豐碩，專利商品化的次數也逐漸累積，對於創新發明的領域便越得心應手。故此，在發明商品化的績效上因而有越來越好的表現。在專利的取得上，相較於國內，國外專利權的申請是較為不易的，審慎、嚴謹的程度在台灣之上，取得國外的專利無疑地是給予發明人的發明一項肯定，對發明商品化的績效益處頗大。
再將實證結果輔以深度訪談的內容，我們可以得知，申請專利、尋求發明商品化必須的設備與原料是可以在進入發明商品化之前，事先做好規劃再循序漸進地進行；而發明人心態的改善與自身對商品化流程之各項知識的提升，對尋求授權與合作對象是不可或缺的重點；仿冒者的威脅是激勵獨立發明人精益求精、改良商品的推力，也是市場對原發明人產品的接受度提高的象徵。而發明人為了讓自己的發明在市場上的接受度更加提升，實際的與顧客有所交流，瞭解市場需求是必要的，而非如同過往的閉門造車。同時，為了讓台灣的發明環境更加友善，讓發明人無後顧之憂地進行發明、創新與商品化，政府提升仲裁仿冒與保護發明人權益的各項政策，可謂刻不容緩。

摘要(英)

The following research mainly aim to discuss the considerable economic value generated by independent inventors nowadays, in which the importance of the knowledge economy and imagination are emphasized, by displaying their creativity and releasing their commercialized products into the market. After taking questionnaire and surveys, we appreciated the inventors’ basic profiles, their special characteristics, innovation courses and experiences in commercializing their inventions. Also by taking face-to-face interviews with inventors, we thoroughly acquired valuable experiences in commercialization marketing. In addition to the results from theoretical models’ analysis, we were able to understand the primary factors that affected the inventors’ achievements in the market.
At Taipei International Invention Show and Technomart 2006, a survey was conducted, gathering not only inventors’ primary, effective and basic data, but also their opinion in the commercialization of their products. Moreover, in-depth interviews were managed by aiming at five most experienced inventors in the market. The main goal was to understand the concept of commercialization process, the difficulties the inventors confronted and the precaution, as well as advices, needed in the phase.
The research results show that, having great interest in developing new ideas stimulates inventor’s progressive innovation. To release their products in the market, and to obtain an expected proportion of the investment’s reward rate are the decisive indicators of independent inventors’ achievements. The market’s insufficiency in product recognition and the lack of attractive promotions are the main factors of low acceptance in the market. On the contrary, innovating and practical products, with mass productions and low prices, can relatively appeal to the consumers and the market.
By using theoretical models for analysis, it comes clear that: The more experienced is an independent inventor in innovating inventions, the more experienced he/she will be in commercializing them, and therefore the more patents he/she will accumulate. Furthermore, it becomes easier for him to handle the entire commercialization phase; and thus, more accomplishments will be performed.. Nevertheless, inventions that are granted international patents not only mean an acknowledgment of the inventor’s achievements, but also bring profitable benefits to the commercialization market. Using theoretical results together with contents of in-depth interviews, we may see that patent applications and the quest of invention commercialization require the gathering of sources in advance, and methodically. An essential knowledge of the product and its commercialization process are the indispensable keys for attracting manufacturers, investors and potential users. The threat of counterfeit is the inventor’s motivation to strive for perfection and innovation. It also symbolizes the market’s highly acceptance of the original invention. In order to increase the popularity of their, products, inventors must besides exchanging ideas with the consumers, also understand the market’s demands. At the same time, the government must strengthen every related policy to protect the inventor’s right and to strike over counterfeits in the future.

關鍵字(中)

★ 專利
★ 發明人
★ 創業
★ 商品化
★ 發明

關鍵字(英)

★ patent
★ independent inventor
★ start an enterprise
★ commercials
★ invention

論文目次

第一章緒論 .......................................................................1
1.1研究背景 ................................................................1
1.2研究動機與目的 ........................................................3
1.3研究方法 ................................................................4
1.4研究限制 ................................................................4
1.5研究架構 ................................................................6
第二章文獻回顧 ..................................................................7
2.1保護發明概念之前哨—專利權 ........................................7
2.1.1 專利權之概念 ...................................................8
2.1.2 專利保護的意義 ...............................................11
2.2從發明創意到創新產品 ..............................................12
2.3商品化成功與否的影響因素之探討 .................................16
2.4發明人、企業家精神與創新創業 ....................................20
2.5發明商品化之環境 ....................................................23
2.6相關實證研究...........................................................26
2.7本章結論 ...............................................................28
第三章深度訪談個案 ............................................................30
3.1研究重點與參訪過程 ..................................................30
3.2深度訪談個案內容 .....................................................33
3.2.1徐姓發明人........................................................33
3.2.2林姓發明人........................................................39
3.2.3陳姓發明人........................................................46
3.2.4鄧姓發明人........................................................53
3.2.5何姓發明人........................................................57
3.3本章結論.................................................................64
第四章獨立發明人的創新歷程...................................................70
4.1研究重點與參訪過程....................................................70
4.1.1研究方法...........................................................71
4.1.2研究策略與特色...................................................71
4.1.3問卷內容...........................................................72
4.1.4問卷調查方式與樣本回收.........................................72
4.2問卷統計分析.............................................................73
4.2.1發明人之基本資料.................................................73
4.2.2發明人的特質......................................................78
4.2.3發明人的創新歷程.................................................82
4.2.4影響發明人商品化成功與否之相關因素.........................86
4.3影響發明商品化績效之各項因素之交叉分析..........................91
4.3.1各項影響發明人商品化績效之交叉分析.........................92
4.4本章結論..................................................................99
第五章獨立發明人商品化經驗與對發明環境之反應...........................102
5.1研究重點.................................................................102
5.2問卷分析.................................................................103
5.2.1累積銷售收入的有無與發明人背景及創新、商品化經驗之相關性分析...............................................................103
5.2.2 發明人所面對的現實發明環境與商品化環境、政策、市場狀況感受程度之初步統計分析..........................................106
5.3發明人對無法順利將專利商品化主要原因之實證分析...............112
5.3.1 分析方法..........................................................112
5.3.2 實證分析（一）--以三項因素構面為解釋變數...............114
5.3.3 實證分析（二）--以「發明人對無法順利將專利商品化主要原因」之十四個感受程度子題為解釋變數............................123
5.4發明人對國內專利商品化一般環境提升商品化成功率主因之實證分析
...........................................................................136
5.4.1 實證分析--以「國內專利商品化一般環境可能有助於發明人提升專利商品化成功率的主因」之十一個感受程度子題為解釋變數
....................................................................136
5.5本章結論................................................................145
第六章結論........................................................................148
6.1發明人的背景資料與創新商品化經驗...............................148
6.2 發明人面對現實發明與商品化環境、政策與市場狀況的反應程度之實證分析.................................................................151
6.3 建議....................................................................154
6.4 後續研究方向與展望..................................................157
參考書籍與文獻.....................................................................158
附錄一研究問卷...................................................................166
附錄二 SBIR計畫說明.............................................................169
附錄三發明人發明商品化各項要素影響商品化績效之實證分析—以三構面及其與專長之交叉項為解釋變數.............................................172
附錄四加入成本項變數...........................................................174
附錄五利用TOBIT MODEL，以收益成本比為被解釋變數.......................178
附錄六「發明人對無法順利將專利商品化主要原因」與「一般環境有助於提升專利商品化成功率的因素」兩大項解釋變數定義設定之不同對實證分析的影響....................................................................183
附錄七各國創新運動實例........................................................189
附錄八知識經濟發展方案相關圖例..............................................191
附錄九專利商品化流程...........................................................192

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