北海岸石門地區氣膠化學特性

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：25

、訪客IP：3.149.235.171

姓名

林哲弘(Che-Hong Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

環境工程研究所

論文名稱

北海岸石門地區氣膠化學特性
(Characterization of atmospheric aerosol in Shi-Men)

相關論文

★ 台灣北部地區大氣氣膠有機酸特性	★ 北部氣膠超級測站近七年氣膠特性變化探討
★ 鹿林山背景大氣及受生質燃燒事件影響的氣膠化學特性	★ 鹿林山大氣氣膠含水量探討及乾氣膠光學特性
★ 中南半島近污染源生質燃燒氣膠特性及其傳輸演化與東沙島氣膠特性	★ 鹿林山大氣背景站不同氣團氣膠光學特性
★ 台灣細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)空氣品質標準建置研究	★ 台灣都市地區細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)手動採樣分析探討
★ 2011年不同來源氣團鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化	★ 台灣都會區細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)濃度變化影響因子、污染來源及其對大氣能見度影響
★ 2012年越南山羅高地生質燃燒期間氣膠特性及2003-2012年台灣鹿林山氣膠來源解析	★ 2011年生質燃燒期間越南山羅高地和台灣鹿林山氣膠特性
★ 2013年7SEAS國際觀測對北越南山羅生質燃燒期間氣膠化學特性及來源鑑定	★ 中南半島近生質燃燒源區與傳輸下風鹿林山氣膠特性及來源解析
★ 台灣北、中′南部細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)儀器比對成分分析與來源推估	★ 2013年春季鹿林山和夏季龍潭氣膠水溶性離子短時間動態變化特性

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

每年的3～5月間，中國大陸蒙古戈壁沙漠及黃土地區所生成的沙塵暴會經由東北季風及大陸冷高壓的攜帶東移，這些亞洲的礦物塵土可能以直接或間接的方式影響到東亞地區的能量平衡、氣候的變遷、能見度的衰竭，甚至進一步對人類的健康產生危害及水陸棲生態系統的平衡。
本研究於2002年1月至4月之間在台北縣石門鄉台電核一廠附近的輻射測站旁（25°17.667’N 121°34.854’ E）進行密集性的PM10與PM2.5氣膠化學採樣，將所獲得的氣膠化學組成以後推氣流軌跡線進行分類探討，在軌跡線部分大致分為黃沙3類與非黃沙3類，將各類氣膠進行化學成分探討與比較
就氣膠的平均質量濃度方面，黃沙時期PM10/ PM2.5氣膠質量濃度比例會接近2.3或大於2.3以上，而非黃沙時期的PM10/ PM2.5氣膠質量濃度比例一般為2.3以下。在黃沙時期PM10氣膠的化學組成以Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Ti等地殼元素為主要部分，而非黃沙時期則以OC、SO42－為主要部分，在黃沙時期PM2.5氣膠的化學組成以Si、Ca、Al等為主要部分，而非黃沙時期則以OC、SO42－為主要部分。本研究並利用質量重建方法可以將PM10/ PM2.5的化學成分回復為原來的氧化態組成，可將氣膠化學組成的解析百分比分別提升至81﹪及90﹪以上。
在氣膠污染源推估方面，利用加強因子法發現Cl－、Mg2+、K+主要來自海水飛沫的貢獻，而Ca2+與SO42-主要來自非海水飛沫的貢獻， Si、K、Ca、Ti、Fe主要來自黃沙塵土貢獻，而Mg在黃沙時期主要由黃沙塵土貢獻，在非黃沙時期則為非黃沙塵土貢獻。利用氯離子損失法得知：石門地區氣膠的主要污染種類為海鹽類、二次硝酸鹽類及二次硫酸鹽類。
就整體的量測數值而言，本研究由於採樣地點受到區域性污染的程度較低，平常期間所測得的氣膠質量濃度偏低，但在黃沙來襲期間，受到嚴重污染，致使氣膠質量濃度產生明顯的變化，因此，不同類別的質量濃度差異頗大，標準偏差亦隨之較大。

摘要(英)

The yellow sand（YS）phenomenon is a dust storm which occurs in East Asia. The spring dust storms have significant influence on the regional energy balance and climate change, visibility reduction, health effects on humans, and on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Chung et al., 1996). During the YS is transported to Taiwan, which has significant influence on the aggravation of air quality, visibility reduction, health effects on humans, ecosystems impairments, and climate change. In this study, we cooperate with Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization to monitor the YS. Atmospheric aerosols were collected in Shi-men town, Taipei County from January to April. Aerosol mass concentration, water-soluble ions, aerosol elements, and carbonaceous contents are analyzed. From the bulk analysis, we can discriminate the chemical characterization of the YS from the normal dates.

關鍵字(中)

★ 後推氣流軌跡線
★ 加強因子法
★ 質量重建
★ 黃沙

關鍵字(英)

★ bulk analysis
★ source apportionment
★ APCA
★ The chlorine loss algorithm
★ OC/EC
★ RCMA
★ Yellow Sand

論文目次

1 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
2 文獻回顧 4
2.1 氣膠的分類、來源及對人體的危害 4
2.1.1 氣膠的分類及來源 4
2.1.2 氣膠的化學特性 7
2.1.3 氣膠對人體的危害 11
2.2 海洋氣膠的特性 12
2.2.1 海洋氣膠總濃度及粒徑核體積分布 13
2.2.2 海面上的非海鹽硫酸鹽氣膠 15
2.2.3 海鹽氣膠及其氯損失 17
2.3 大陸黃沙的特性 21
2.3.1 東亞黃沙發生源及氣候條件 22
2.3.2 中國黃沙的傳輸 23
2.3.3 黃沙氣膠的化學特性 24
2.3.4 黃沙氣膠的影響 25
3 研究方法 26
3.1 採樣地點及時間 29
3.2 採樣測量方法及步驟 31
3.2.1 濾紙的前處理 31
3.2.2 R&P Partisol Model 2300 Speciation Sampler 33
3.2.3 R&P 2000 FRM Sampler 39
3.2.4 δ-IAS採樣器 41
3.2.5 R&P TEOM 1400a型 PM10監測儀 45
3.2.6 樣品保存方法 48
3.3 氣膠微粒分析方法 49
3.3.1 濾紙秤重 49
3.3.2 氣膠微粒碳元素分析 49
3.3.3 氣膠微粒元素分析 54
3.3.4 氣膠微粒水溶性離子分析 56
3.4 氣膠污染來源及貢獻量推估 58
3.4.1 加強因子分析法 58
3.4.2 氯離子損失法 59
4 結果與討論 64
4.1 石門採樣期間氣象資料 65
4.2 PM10氣膠化學特性及組成 69
4.2.1 PM10氣膠質量濃度 69
4.2.2 PM10氣膠碳成分 79
4.2.3 PM10氣膠元素濃度 82
4.2.4 PM10氣膠水溶性離子 86
4.2.5 PM10氣膠化學組成百分比 106
4.2.6 PM10氣膠化學組成探討 108
4.2.7 海水因子加強法 111
4.2.8 塵土因子加強法 114
4.2.9 氯離子損失法 116
4.3 PM2.5氣膠化學特性及組成 117
4.3.1 PM2.5氣膠質量濃度 117
4.3.2 PM2.5氣膠碳成分 126
4.3.3 PM2.5氣膠元素濃度 129
4.3.4 PM2.5氣膠水溶性離子 133
4.3.5 PM2.5氣膠化學組成百分比 153
4.3.6 PM2.5氣膠化學重建組成探討 155
4.3.7 海水加強因子法 157
4.3.8 塵土加強因子法 159
4.3.9 氯離子損失法 161
4.4 黃沙氣膠的軌跡線分類 162
4.4.1 不同軌跡線類別氣膠質量濃度探討 170
4.4.2 黃沙時期氣膠碳成分探討 174
4.4.3 軌跡線類別的氣膠元素濃度 177
4.4.4 軌跡線類別的氣膠水溶性離子 183
4.4.5 軌跡線類別氣膠化學組成百分比 187
4.4.6 軌跡線氣膠化學組成探討 193
4.4.7 軌跡線類別氣膠化學特性總結 197
4.4.8 海水加強因子法 199
4.4.9 塵土加強因子法 204
4.4.10 氯離子損失法 210
4.5 最強黃沙的氣膠化學特性探討 213
4.5.1 最強黃沙氣膠質量濃度探討 213
4.5.2 氣膠碳成分 214
4.5.3 氣膠元素濃度 215
4.5.4 氣膠水溶性離子 218
4.5.5 氣膠化學組成 235
4.5.6 氣膠重建質量 237
4.5.7 最強黃沙氣膠污染源探討 238
5 結論 242
參考文獻 246

參考文獻

Alla H. Falkovich., Eliezer Ganor., Zev Levin., Paola Formenti., Yinon Rudich., 2001. Chemical and mineralogical analysis of individual mineral dust particales. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106, 18027-18036.
Andreas E.L., Edson J.B., Monahan E.C., 1981. Bubble and aerosol spectra produced by a laboratory ‘break wave’ Journal of Geophysical Research. 86, 8085-8092.
Andreae M.O., Charlson R.J., F. Bruynseels., H. Storms., R. Van Grieken., W. Maenhaut, 1986. Internal mixtures of sea salt, silicates and excess sulfate in marine aerosols, Science. 232, 1620-1623.
Andrews E., Saxena P., Musarra S. et al., 2000. Concentration and Composition of Atmespheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements, Joumal of the air & Waste Management Association. 50, 648-664.
Barbara J. Turpin., Ho-Jin Lim, 2001. Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations:Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimation Organic Mass, Aerosol Science and Technology. 35, 602-610.
Behnke, W., C. George., V. Scheer., C. Zetzsch., 1997. Production and Decay of ClNO2 from the Reaction of Gaseous N2O5 with NaCl solution: Bulk and Aerosol Experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research. 102, 3795-3804.
Bergametti, G.., 1998. Mineral aerosols: Renewed interest for climate forcing and tropospheric chemistry studies, IGACtivities Newsletter. I, 13-17.
Carmichael, G.R., Zhang, Y., Chen, L.-L., Hong, M.-S., Ueda, H., 1995. Seasonal variation of aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea. Atmospheric Environment. 30, 2407-2416.
Carmichael, G. R., Y. Zhang, L. L. Chen, M. S. Hong, and H. Ueda, Seasonal variation of aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea, Atmospheric Environment. 30,2407-2416, 1996.
Chameides, W. L., A.W. Stelson., 1992. Aqueous-Phase Chemical Processes in Deliquescent Sea-Salt Aerosols: A Mechanism That Couples the Atmospheric Cycles of S and Sea Salt, Journal of Geophysical Research. 97, 20565-20580.
Chow,J.C.,Watson,J.G.,Pritchett,L.C.,Pierson,W.R.,Frazier,C.A.,Purcell,R.G., 1993. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system : description , evaluation and application in US. Air Quality Studies. Atmospheric Environment. 27A, 1185-1201.
Chung, Y.S., 1986. Air pollution detection by satellite: the transport and deposition of air pollutants over oceans. Atmospheric Environment. 20, 617-630.
Chung, Y.S., 1992. On the observations of yellow sand (dust storms) in Korea, Atmospheric Environment. 26A, 2743-2749.
Chung, Y.S., Yoon, M.B., 1996. On the occurrence of yellow sand and atmospheric loadings, Atmospheric Environment. 30, 2387-2397.
Clarke A.D., Ahlquist N.C., Covert D.S., 1983. The Pacific marine aerosol: evidence for natural acid sulfates. Journal of Geophysical Research. 92, 4179-4190.
Dentener, F.J., G.R. Carmichael., Y. Zhang., J. Lelieveld., P.J. Crutzen., 1996. Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, Journal of Geophysical Research. 101, 869-22.
Dufour L. and Defay R., 1963, Thermodynamics of clouds, academic press. New York. 255.
Erickson III D. J., C. Seuzaret, W. C. Keene, S. L. Gong, 1999. A general circulation model based of HCl and ClNO2 production from sea salt dechlorination: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, Journal of Geophysical Research. 104, 8347-8372
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., 2000. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Acdemic, Orlando. Fla.
Fitzgerald J.W. 1991. Marine Aerosols: A Review, Atmospheric Environment. 26A, 533-545.
Gao, Y., Arimoto, R., Duce, R.A., Lee, D.S., Zhou, M.Y., 1992a. Input of atmospheric trace elements and mineral matter to the Yellow Sea during the spring of a low-dust year, Journal of Geophysical Research. 97D, 3767-3777.
Gao, Y., Arimoto, R., Zhou, M.Y., Merrill, J.T., Duce, R.A., 1992b. Relationships between the dust concentration over Eastern Asia and the remote North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research. 97D, 9867-9872.
Goss, K.U., 1994. Adsorption of organic vapors on polar mineral surfaces and on a bulk water surface – Development of an empirical predictive model, Environment of Scientific Technology. 28, 640-645.
Gras J.W. and Ayers G.P., 1983. Marine aerosol at southern mid-latitudes, Journal of Geophysical Research. 88, 10661-10666.
Haaf W. and Jaenicke R. 1995. Result of improved size distribution measurement in the Aitken range of atmospheric aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research. 88, 321-330.
Hara, H., 1993. Monitoring of acid deposition in Japan. In Procedure of the Expert Metting of Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia, Toyama, Japan.
Hoppel W.A., Fitzgerald J.W., Frick G.M., and Larson R.E. 1989. Atmospheric aerosol size distributions and optical properties in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean. NRL Report 9188.
Hoppel W.A. and Frick G.M. 1990. Submicron aerosol size distributions measured over the tropical and South Pacific. Atmospheric Environment. 24A, 645-659.
Iwasaka, Y., Yamato, M., Iamasu, R., Ono, A., 1988. Transport of Asian dust (Kosa) particles; importance of weak kosa events on the geochemical cycle of soil particles. Tellus. 40B, 494-503.
Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Dale Crow, Douglas H. Lowenthal, and Thomas Merrifield, 2001, Comparison of Improve and Niosh Carbon Measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology. 34, 23-34.
Kaneyasu, N., S. Ohta, and N. Murao., 1995, Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols and Gaseous Species in Sapporo, Japan. Atmospheric Environment. 29, 1559-1568 .
Karlsson, R., and E. Ljungstrom., 1998, Formation of Nitryl Chloride from Dinitrogen Pentoxide in Liquid Sea Salt Aerosol. Atmospheric Environment. 32, 1711-1717 .
Katoshevski, D., A. Nenes, and J. H. Seinfeld., 1999, A Study of Processes that Govering the Maintenance of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer. Journal of Geophysical Research. 30, 503-532.
Keene, W. C., R. Sander, A. A. P. Pszenny, R. Vogt, P. J. Crutzen, and J. N. Galloway., 1998, Aerosol pH in the Marine Boundary Layer: A Review and Model Evalution. Aerosol Science and Technology. 29, 339-356.
Keene, W. C., M. A. K. Khalil, D. J. Erickson III, A. McCulloch, T. E. Gradel, J. M. Lobert, M. L. Aucott, S. L. Gong, D. B. Harper, G. Kleiman, Pauline Midgley, R. M. Moore, C. Seuzaret, W. T. Sturges, C. M. Benkovitz, V. Koropalov, L. A. Barrie, and Y. F. Yi, 1999, Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory. Journal of Geophysical Research. 104, D7, 8429-8440.
Kerminen, Veli-Matti, K. Teinila, and R. Hillamo, T. Pakkanen., 1998 , Substitution of Chloride in sea-salt particles by inorganic and organic anions. Aerosol Science and Technology. 29, 929-942.
Knipping, E. M., M. J. Lakin, K. L. Foster, P. Jungwirth, D. J. Tobias, R. B. Gerber, D. Dabdub, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts., 2000, Experiments and Simulations of Ion-Enhanced Interfacial Chemistry on Aqueous NaCl Aerosols. Science. 288, 301-306 .
Kotamarthi, V.R. and Carmichael, G.R., 1993. A modeling study of the long range transport of Kosa using particle trajectory analysis. Tellus 45B, 426-441.
Lepple F.K., Bressan D.S., Hoover J.B. and Larson R.E. 1983. sea salt aerosol, atmospheric radon and meteorological observations in the western South Atlantic Ocean (February 1981). NRL Memorandum Report. 5153.
Lovett R.F. 1978. Quantitative measurement of airborne sea-salt in the North Atlantic. Tellus, 30, 358-364.
Martens, C. S., J. J. Wesolowski, R. C. Harris, and R. Kaifer, 1973 , Chlorine Loss from Puerto Rican and San Francisco Bay Area Marine Aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research. 78, 8778-8792 .
Meszaros A. and Vissy K., 1974. Concentration,size distribution and chemical nature of atmospheric aerosol particles in remote ocean areas. Journal of Aerosol Science. 5, 101-109.
Patterson E.M., Kiang C.S., Delany A.C., Wartburg A.F., Leslie A.C.D. and Huebert B.J. 1983. Global measurement of aerosols in remote continental and marine regions : concentration, size distribution, and optical properties. Journal of Geophysical Research. 85, 7361-7376.
Pio, C. A., and D. A. Lopes, 1998. Chlorine Loss from Marine Aerosol in a Coastal Atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 103, D19, 25263-25272 .
Podzimek J.” Advances in marine aerosol research.” Journal of Research Atmospheric. 14, 35-61.
Parungo F.P., Nagamoto C.T., Madel R., Rosinski J. and Haagenson P.L. 1987, Marine aerosol in Pacific upwelling region. Journal of Aerosol Science. 18, 277-290.
Prospero J.M., 1979, Mineral and sea salt aerosol concentration in various ocean region. Journal of Geophysical Research. 8, 725-731.
Raemdonck H., Maenhaut W. and Andreae M.O. 1986. Chemistry of marine aerosols over the tropical and equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research. 91, 8623-8636.
Roth, B., and K. Okada., 1998, On the Modification of Sea-Salt Particles in the Coastal Atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment. 32, 1555-1569.
Sachio Ohta., Toshiiichi Okita. 1990. A chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosol in Sapporo. Atmospheric Environment. 24, 815-822.
Savoie D.L.,Propero J.M. and Nees R.T. 1987. Nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and mineral aerosol over the northwestern Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. 92, 933-942.
Savoie D.L.,Propero J.M., Merrill J.T. and Uematsu M. 1989. Nitrate in the atmospheric boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific:implications regarding sources and transport. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 8, 391-415.
Song, C. H., G. R. Carmichael., 1999, The Aging Process of Naturally Emitted Aerosol (Sea-Salt and Mineral Aerosol) during Long Range Transport. Atmospheric Environment. 33, 2203-2218.
Ten Harkel, M. J., 1997, The Effects of particle-size Distribution and Chloride Depletion of Sea-Salt aerosols on Estimating Atmospheric Deposition at a coastal site. Atmospheric Environment. 31, 417-427.
Uematsu M., Duce R.A., Prospero J.M., Chen L., Merrill J. and Mcdonald R.L, 1983, Transport of mineral aerosol from Asia over the north Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. 88, 5343-5352.
Woodcock A.H., 1972, Smaller salt particle in oceanic air and bubble behavior in the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research. 77, 5316-5321.
Woolf D.K.,Bowyer P.A. and Monahan E.C. 1987, Discriminating between the Film-Drops and Jet-Drops Produced by a Simulated Whitecap. Journal of Geophysical Research. 92, 5142-5150.
Wu J. 1993, Production of spume drops by the wind tearing of wave crests: the search for quantification. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98, 18221-18227.
Yuan Gao and James R. Anderson., 2001, Characteristics of Chinese aerosols determined by individual-partical analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106, 18037-18045.
Zhang, X.Y., Arimoto, R., An, Z.S., 1997, Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research. 23, 28041-28047.
Zhang, Y., Y. Sunwoo, V. Kootamarthi, and G. R. Carmichael, 1994, Photochemical oxidant processes in the presence of dust: An evaluation of the impact of dust on particulate nitrate and ozone formation, Journal of Application Meteorology. 33, 813-824.

指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2002-10-9

推文