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姓名 李佩玲(Pei-Ling Lee) 查詢紙本館藏 畢業系所 化學工程與材料工程學系 論文名稱 四丁基銨鹽水溶液之電導,離子締合及成分活性係數研究
(Conductance, Association and Component Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions of Tetrabutylammonium Salts.)相關論文 檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式] [Bibtex 格式] [相關文章] [文章引用] [完整記錄] [館藏目錄] [檢視] [下載]
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摘要(中) 摘 要
本實驗研究以導電度法併用蒸氣壓量度法求得離子活性係數γ±。研究系統主要為四丁基銨鹽(QY,Q=Bu4N+、Y=Br-、Cl-、HSO4-、I-)。本研究先探討導電度κ、當量導電度Λ、締合常數KA、締合度θ、蒸氣壓P,活性係數γw、、γIP、γ±與濃度之關係。(A)導電度κ、締合常數(1)四丁基銨鹽水溶液導電度會先隨著濃度增加而增加,到某一濃度時導電度會突然下降,此時可能形成Ion Pair離子;(2)系統中QHSO4為一較高導電度,QI對水之溶解度較小,故只能做到低濃度。(3)導電度κ越大,KA、Λ˚也越大。(4)四丁基銨鹽之陰離子半徑越大則締合常數KA越小 , Å) > Å) > Å) > Å),故於水中 。(B)締合度θ(1)系統濃度越小,θ值亦越小;離子數越少相對的締合度就越小。(2)由κ對(1-θ)C圖,得θ與自由離子呈線性關係,若不合理並不會呈現線性圖;所以用導電度κ來求締合度θ是可靠性的。(C)蒸氣壓(1)季銨鹽的加入會使得蒸氣壓的量度下降,濃度越小,蒸氣壓的變化會趨近於水蒸氣壓。(D)活性係數(1)使用Debye-Hückel limiting求得之活性係數在高濃度時會有較大的誤差,濃度<10-3M用導電度方程式求得較準確,濃度越大時,γw、γIP會越小。γ±對濃度圖會形成一曲線;當濃度越小,γ±會趨近於1:若不然且大於1,極有可能形成自由離子。摘要(英) The study use the way of conductance and vapor pressure to meansure the activity of ion pair.
The system we study are Tetrabutylammonium Salts(QY,Q=Bu4N+、Y=Br-、Cl-、HSO4-、I-).We will get the conductivity, molar conductivity,association constant,association fraction,vapor pressure,activity Coefficients and can study the relation between them and concentration.關鍵字(中) ★ 電導
★ 四丁基銨鹽
★ 活性係數
★ 離子締合關鍵字(英) ★ Activity Coefficients
★ Association
★ Conductance論文目次 摘要 ..…………………………………………………………………. I
目錄 …………………………………………………………………... II
圖表目錄 ……………………………………………………………... III
符號說明 ……………………………………………………………... IV
第一章 緒論
1-1 本研究之動機與主旨……………………………………… 1
1-2 影響催化活性之因素……………………………………… 2
1-3 Bu4N+Br-之合成……………………………………………. 3
1-3-1 化學合成法…………………………………………………. 3
1-4 介電常數……………………………………………………. 3
1-4-1 Hydration Number(ns)之定義………………………………. 4
1-5 四丁基銨鹽之離子半徑……………………………………. 4
1-5-1 Stokes radii (rs)……………………………………………… 4
1-5-1.1 四丁基銨鹽Stokes radii( )之文獻整理…………………... 5
1-5-2 solvated radii ( )…………………………………………… 5
1-5-3 crystallographic radius……………………………………… 6
1-5-3.1 四丁基銨鹽之crystallographic radius(rc)文獻整理………..6
1-6 締合度θ、締合常數KA之文獻…………………………… 7
1-6-1 以導電度方程式求締合常數……………………………… 7
1-6-2 以非導電度法求締合常數………………………………… 8
1-7 四丁基銨鹽之活性係數γi………………………………… 8
1-7-1 活性係數之計算方法………………………………………. 8
1-7-1.1 Debye-Hückel limiting law…………………………………. 8
1-7-1.2 Pitzer equation………………………………………………. 9
1-7-1.3 Cubic-root Law……………………………………………... 9
1-8 黏度之文獻…………………………………………………. 10
1-9 蒸氣壓………………………………………………………. 10
1-9-1 蒸氣壓與滲透壓係數之文獻………………………………. 10
1-9-2 季銨鹽之活性係數及滲透壓係數之文獻…………………. 11
第二章 理論
2-1 Debye-Hückel Onsager導電度方程式…………………….. 12
2-1-1 Debye-Hückel Onsager導電度方程式求θ……………….. 12
2-2 締合常數KA與莫耳導電度 之關係式………………….. 13
2-3 、KA之求法…………………………………………….. 17
2-3-1 初值之求法……………………………………………... 17
2-3-2 及KA之實驗求法………………………………………. 17
2-3-3 γ±之求法…………………………………………………… 17
2-4 γw、γ±、γIP之求法………………………………………… 18
第三章 實驗部分
3-1 實驗藥品…………………………………………………… 22
3-2 實驗儀器、裝置與分析……………………………………. 23
3-2-1 季銨鹽(QBr)合成反應之裝置……………………………... 23
3-2-2 蒸氣壓之實驗裝置…………………………………………. 25
3-3 儀器與分析………………………………………………… 27
3-3-1 黏度計儀……………………………………………………. 27
3-3-1.1 黏度計操作及校正………………………………………… 27
3-3-2 離子層析儀………………………………………………… 28
3-3-2.1 Br-之校正曲線……………………………………………… 28
3-3-3 導電度計……………………………………………………. 29
3-4 實驗操作步驟……………………………………………… 33
3-4-1 Bu4NBr之製備與精製……………………………………... 33
3-4-1.1 Bu4NBr純度測定之實驗………………………………….. 33
3-4-2 導電度-濃度(κ-C)之測量………………………………… 34
3-4-3 締合份數θ、極限莫耳導電度Λ0及締合常數KA之實
驗………………………………………………………… 35
3-4-4 莫耳體積隨鹽濃度之變化量度實驗………………………. 35
3-4-5 季銨鹽水溶液之蒸氣壓實驗……………………………… 35
3-4-5.1 沸騰與未沸騰之水對蒸氣壓影響…………………………. 35
3-4-5-2 壓力計之校正………………………………………………. 36
3-4-5.3 季銨鹽水溶液(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4 + H2O)之蒸氣壓測
量…………………………………………………………. 39
第四章 結果與討論
4-1 Bu4NBr之合成產及精製………………………………….. 40
4-2 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液之濃度對導電度、當量
導電度、締合常數與締合度之影響…………………. 40
4-2-1 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液濃度(C)對導電度(κ)之
響…………………………………………………… 40
4-2-2 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液濃度(C)對當量導電度(Λ)
之影響…………………………………………….. 41
4-2-3 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液之極限當量導電度(Λ0)
與締合常數KA……………………………………… 41
4-2-4 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液之締合度θ……. 41
4-3 濃度(C)與莫耳體積(V)之關係…………………………….. 58
4-4 濃度(C)與黏度(η)之關係…………………………………. 58
4-5 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液之蒸氣壓………. 61
4-6 季銨鹽(QBr、QI、QCl、QHSO4)水溶液濃度與活性係數之影
響………………………………………………………. 61
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………. 72
參考文獻………………………………………………………………. 74
附錄……………………………………………………………………. 78參考文獻 參考文獻
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[24]Lindenbaum. S and Botd G. E,”Osmotic and Activity Coefficients for the Symmetrical Tetraalkyl Ammonium Halides in Aqueous Solution at 25℃., 1994, pp.911~917.指導教授 王天財(Ten-Tsai Wang) 審核日期 2004-7-14 推文 facebook plurk twitter funp google live udn HD myshare reddit netvibes friend youpush delicious baidu 網路書籤 Google bookmarks del.icio.us hemidemi myshare