電遷移對銅原子在熔融錫鉛銲料中擴散行為之影響

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姓名

蘇皇維(Huamg-Wei Su) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

電遷移對銅原子在熔融錫鉛銲料中擴散行為之影響
(The diffusion of Cu in the molten eutectic Sn-pb solder with electromigration)

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摘要(中)

本實驗主要利用Cu∕Molten SnPb∕Cu的反應偶進行通電，探討在兩端為銅導線的熔融銲料中，電子流推動銅原子的能力，藉以了解銅原子於液態銲料中受電子流影響而加速擴散之行為。
實驗條件主要可分為液態反應與固態反應：「液態反應」中設定溫度為230 ℃，對『銅∕液態銲料∕銅』的系統分別進行通電與熱處理反應，以得到不同反應時間的結果。另一方面，「固態反應」則設定溫度為160 ℃，對『銅∕固態銲料∕銅』的系統中分別進行通電與熱處理反應，其中通電電流密度皆為7.2 x 103 A/cm2。而藉由觀察通電下陰極與陽極端介金屬生成與銅消耗的情形來比較其中的差異性。
實驗結果發現，在Cu∕Molten SnPb∕Cu系統中通電時，陰極端導線會有大量銅消耗，而陽極端則有大量介金屬的情形，顯示電子流的流動下會使陰極端銅導線快速溶解與消耗，並推擠銅原子加速擴散到陽極端，而生成大量介金屬Cu6Sn5，其現象與「不通電液態銲料反應」及「固態銲料下通電」的結果差距甚大，其銅導線消耗之厚度差距可達10倍之多。而這個結果也說明了：在『銅∕銲料∕銅』的反應中，當銲料是處於液態並給予一電流時，電子流會加速陰極端銅導線的溶解與擴散，進而導致大量的銅消耗。
另外，在160 ℃的固態通電實驗中，在陽極端會有鉛相聚集的行為，乃是因為在此溫度下Pb原子的移動會較Sn原子來地快。同時也發現到陽極端介金屬厚度較陰極端要來的厚，推論同樣是電子流導致陰極端銅原子擴散的原因，不過在固態下此銅遷移的現象和先前液態通電相比，有極端的差異性存在。

摘要(英)

In this study, we used the『Cu / Molten SnPb / Cu』structure to investigate the polarity effect of electromigration. By the result, we found that electronic current will accelerate the diffusion behavior of Cu in molten solder severely.
The experiment condition was including two parts, which was “liquid-state reaction” and “solid-state reaction”. In liquid-state reaction, the sample was annealed at 230 °C with and without current stressing. In solid reaction, the sample was annealed at 160 °C with and without current stressing. Here the current density was 7.2 x 103 A/cm2. By the observation of the result, we compared the polarity effect of electromigration on the thickness of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation and the dissolution of Cu at the cathode and the anode site.
In the Cu / molten SnPb / Cu system of electromigration, the rapid dissolution of Cu at the cathode site and the plenty formation of IMC at the anode site was found obviously. It was concluded that Cu atoms were dissolved quickly into the molten solder, and the dissolved Cu atoms were driven to the anode side by electronic current immediately.
In addition, we reduced the experiment temperature to 160 °C and take the solid sample under current stressing. Electromigration indeed affects the formation of IMC at the anode and the cathode site. It enhances the growth of IMC at the anode side and inhibits the growth at the cathode side when compared with the no-current case. As the time of current stressing increased, the propagation of Pb-rich phase was found at the anode side. This is because Pb is the dominant diffusing species at temperatures above 120 °C.

關鍵字(中)

★ 液態銲料
★ 銅
★ 電遷移
★ 擴散

關鍵字(英)

★ diffusion
★ molten solder
★ Electromigration
★ Cu

論文目次

目錄
中文摘要...................................................Ⅰ
英文摘要...................................................Ⅱ
目錄......................................................Ⅲ
圖目錄...................................................Ⅴ
表目錄...................................................Ⅶ
第一章緒論
1.1 微電子構裝技術......................................... 1
1.2 研究動機............................................... 5
第二章文獻回顧
2.1 電遷移之動力學通式..................................... 6
2.2 早期導線端之電遷移的研究............................... 9
2.3 銲料中的電遷移現象..................................... 12
2.3.1 薄膜合金銲料（Solder stripe）之電遷移研究............ 12
2.3.2 V 型銲料線路（Solder line）之電遷移研究............. 13
2.3.3 覆晶銲點（Flip chip）之電遷移研究.................... 15
(一) 共晶SnPb與無鉛SnAgCu銲點之電遷移現象.................. 15
(二) 覆晶銲點之電流聚集（Current crowding）效應.............18
(三) 97Pb/3Sn ＆ 37Pb/63Sn 複合凸塊之電遷移現象 .......... 21
2.3.4 電遷移導致快速Cu溶解之失效機制...................... 23
2.4 鋁導線與銲料電遷移發生的臨界電流密度差異............... 25
2.5 電遷移對界面反應的影響................................. 27
第三章實驗方法與步驟
3.1 實驗試片的製作......................................... 29
3.1.1 銅導線的前處理....................................... 29
3.1.2 微量毛細管內銲料的填入............................... 30
3.1.3 銅導線與銲料的接合................................... 30
3.2 加熱通電實驗裝置....................................... 33
3.3 試片之處理、觀察及分析................................. 36
第四章實驗結果與討論（Ⅰ）
－熔融SnPb銲料與銅通電與未通電之反應－
4.1 熔融SnPb銲料與銅的通電現象............................. 39
4.1.1不同通電時間下試片型態之變化.......................... 39
4.1.2 陰極與陽極端銅的消耗量............................... 43
4.2 不通電下熔融SnPb與Cu的界面反應......................... 45
4.2.1不同反應時間下試片型態之變化.......................... 45
4.2.2 銅導線的消耗量....................................... 49
4.3 液態通電與液態熱處理之比較與討論....................... 51
第五章實驗結果與討論（Ⅱ）
－固態SnPb銲料與銅通電與未通電之反應－
5.1 固態SnPb銲料與銅的通電現象............................. 57
5.2 固態通電與固態熱處理界面端介金屬生長的比較............. 63
5.3 固態與液態銲料通電反應之比較........................... 68
第六章結論 ............................................ 72
參考文獻................................................... 74

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指導教授

高振宏(C. R. Kao)

審核日期

2005-6-27

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