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姓名	詹海波(Hai-Po Zhan)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	地球物理研究所
論文名稱	以GPS觀測量估算嘉南地區1996-2000年間之地殼變形 (Crustal Deformation in Chianan Area, Southwestern Taiwan, 1996-2000 from GPS Geodesy)
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摘要(中)	本研究蒐集嘉南地區自1996年以來歷年的 GPS 觀測資料，使用瑞士伯恩大學天文研究所 (AIUB) 發展的 BERNESE GPS Version 4.2 與美國加州噴射推進實驗室 (JPL) 董大南博士開發的 QOCA Version 1.21 這兩套科學計算軟體進行處理分析，以估算此區在 1996-2000 年間之地殼變形，所得結果分為同震變形、平均速度場、主軸應變率、剪應變率、旋轉率、及面膨縮率六個部分討論。 GPS資料處理分為兩個階段，首先利用 BERNESE 軟體將 GPS 觀測原始資料加以處理得到寬鬆約制的“擬觀測量”，第二階段利用 QOCA 軟體的將擬觀測量加以處理分析而得到速度場、同震變形、各小網主軸應變率、剪應變率、旋轉速率、及面膨縮率。合併擬觀測量所使用的數學模式為卡曼濾波 (Kalman filter) 。且所有應變分析皆在均勻應變率模型下進行，即假設速度張量 Ｌ 不隨時間與空間改變，為等梯度速度場 (constant-gradient velocity field) 。 研究成果顯示： (1) 1998瑞里地震同震變形各站的同震位移為3-26mm，方向2°-342°；1999集集地震與嘉義地震造成的同震位移量為8-1349 mm，方向71°-337°，且位於觸口斷層的上下盤之測站同震位移方向大致呈現東西相對的形態； (2) 各測站平均運動速率為5-44 mm/yr，方向71°-345°； (3) 此區域19個小網最小主軸（壓縮）應變率為-0.2 ~ -1.3 mustrain/yr，方向75°-141°；最大主軸（伸張）應變率為 0.01-0.8 mustrain/yr；(4) 各小網最大剪應變率為 0.3-2.0 mustrain/yr，方向 30°-95°； (5) 各小網旋轉率為 0.02°-0.59°/ m.y.，且大部分皆為順時鐘旋轉；及 (6) 各小網面膨縮率為 —1.5 ~ 0.5 mustrain/yr。 本研究由 GPS 觀測結果獲得此區速度場的兩個特徵: (1) 速度量值之趨勢為由西向東及由北往南逐漸增大，速度向量之方向則由北向南逆時鐘旋轉；及 (2) 觸口斷層上盤之速度均較下盤為大，且跨越觸口斷層有 10-28 mm/yr之速度不連續。此結果與前人所得相當一致。 本研究所得此區平均壓縮方向為127° ± 6°，與前人由不同地質或地物方法所得古應力方向 (100°-131°) 相吻合，顯示此區現今應力方向與第四紀古應力方向一致。且比較最大剪應變率方向與主要斷層之走向，發現最大剪應變率方向較斷層走向偏東，其原因可能為受西側北港基盤高區屹立之影響。
摘要(英)	Using Global Positioning System (GPS) we have investigated the crustal deformation of the Chianan area in southwestern Taiwan based on the observations from 1996 to 2000. The GPS network includes 40 GPS sites spaced approximately 70 km apart. GPS data were processed with BERNESE GPS software version 4.2 (developed by AIUB) and QOCA software version 1.21 (developed by Dong, Danna at JPL). The results include six aspects: coseismic deformation, average velocity field, principal strain rates, engineering shear rates, rotation rates, and area dilatation rates. During the observation period there were three major earthquakes (ML > 6) affecting the GPS measurements: JuiLi, ChiChi and ChiaYi. We calculated the coseismic deformation caused by these earthquakes. Our results indicate that the maximum coseismic displacement vector for the Juili and ChiChi (including ChiaYi ) earthquake are 26 mm/ 62° and 1349 mm/ 304°, respectively. For both earthquakes, the coseismic displacements across the Chukou Fault (CKF) show opposite direction. The amount of displacement in the hanging wall is relatively larger than that in the footwall, and sites move toward NW (or W, SW) in the hanging wall as opposed to NE (or E, SE) in the footwall. The pattern of average horizontal velocity between 1996 and 2000 follows those described first by Yu and Chen (1994). The velocity vectors of stations change directions from the south gradually to the north. A major discontinuity of about 10-28 mm/yr is detected across the CKF. Moderate to remarkable contraction rates of 0.7-1.3 mustrain/yr in 75°-141° are observed in the vicinity of the CKF and dies out both eastward and westward away from the CKF. The maximum engineering shear rate is 0.3-2.0 mustrain/yr and oriented 30°-95°. The rates of rotation for 19 subnets are 0.02°-0.59°/m.y. and mostly in CW rotation. The area dilatation rates of subnets are -1.5 ~ 0.5 mustrain/yr. Moreover, the distribution of engineering shear parameters and for 19 subnets showed that the dominant direction of compressive stress in the study area is SE-NW. The average compressive direction is 127° ± 6°, which is quite consistent with the directions of present and Quaternary tectonic stress. Comparing the direction of maximum engineering shear rate and the strike of major thrusts in this area, we found that the direction of maximum engineering shear rate is more east than the strike of major thrust faults. This maybe caused by the presence of the Peikang High to the west.
關鍵字(中)	★ GPS衛星大地測量 ★ 地殼變形 ★ 同震變形 ★ 嘉南地區	關鍵字(英)	★ GPS Geodesy ★ Crustal Deformation ★ Coseismic Deformation ★ Southwestern Taiwan
論文目次	第一章 緒論 1.1 研究動機及目的 1 1.2 研究區域概況 1 1.3 前人研究 7 1.4 本文研究 9 第二章 理論基礎 2.1 GPS測量觀測方程 11 2.1.1 GPS觀測量種類 11 2.1.2 雙頻載波相位信號線性組合 17 2.1.3 觀測量間線性組合 19 2.1.4 觀測量間的相關性 23 2.2 最小二乘平差法 23 2.2.1 標準平差法 24 2.2.2 逐次平差法 26 2.3 擬觀測量(Quasi-observations)的合併 29 2.3.1 分析原始觀測量 29 2.3.2 合併擬觀測量 30 2.4 速度場參數化 33 2.4.1 速度梯度張量 33 2.4.2 特徵值參數化 34 2.4.3 工程參數化 38 第三章 GPS資料蒐集與處理 3.1 GPS資料蒐集 40 3.2 BERNESE GPS V4.2處理軟體 46 3.2.1程式特色與結構 46 3.2.2程式執行流程 50 3.2.3處理參數選項之設定 53 3.2.4 BERNESE軟體處理成果之品質 55 3.2.5自動化處理─BPE 58 3.3 QOCA V1.21分析軟體 58 3.3.1程式特色與結構 58 3.3.2 QOCA程式執行流程 60 3.3.3參數先驗值的給定與各參數約制之設定 62 3.3.4資料處理結果之統計量 63 3.4 BERNESE軟體與QOCA軟體處理結果之誤差分析 67 第四章 結果展示與分析 4.1 同震變形 72 4.2 速度場 81 4.3 主軸應變率 92 4.4 剪應變率 97 4.5 旋轉率103 4.6 面膨縮率103 第五章 結果討論 5.1 同震變形108 5.2 速度場109 5.3 主軸應變率118 5.4 工程剪應變率分量與最大剪應變率122 5.5 旋轉率125 5.6 面膨縮率125 5.7 GPS衛星大地測量之對流層效應126 5.7.1對流層效應126 5.7.2對流層改正模型與WVR大氣校正128 5.8 GPS衛星大地測量成果在地震危害度分析 (Earthquake Hazard Analysis) 上之應用130 5.8.1由斷層滑移速率推估最大地震規模與地震回復時間130 5.8.2由累積位移量估算最大地震規模132 第六章 結論與建議134 附錄A 誤差傳播方程式136 附錄B 誤差橢圓理論143 附錄C.1Delauney三角形150 附錄D 地表模型151 附錄E 各測站相對於澎湖白沙站 (S01R) 之基線向量長度及分量重複性 154 參考文獻176 英文摘要183
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指導教授	洪日豪(Jih-Hao Hung)	審核日期	2000-7-11
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