由世界應力量測資料探討不同地體構造區的應力特性

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王沛夫(Pei-Fu Wang) 查詢紙本館藏

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應用地質研究所

論文名稱

由世界應力量測資料探討不同地體構造區的應力特性
(Stress Magnitude in Different Tectonic Regime as Inferred from World Stress Measurement Data)

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摘要(中)

地殼承受構造運動的擠壓或拉伸，使其內部應力改變，造成變形及產生各種類型的斷層滑動。若將斷塊視為剛體，則在斷層滑動之前，地殼會達成暫時的極限平衡狀態。本研究蒐集世界各地的地應力量測資料，利用這一些資料檢驗不同地殼應力極限模型（stress constraint model）的適用性，並探討不同地體構造區的應力特性。
本研究亦蒐集世界各地之地震與地質相關資料，並利用新期斷層型態、地體構造特性及地殼內部地震震源機制，完成新的應力架構分區。將地殼分為壓縮應力區、伸張應力區與穩定區三區，並探討各區的地應力量測資料特性，比較不同應力極限模型的適用性。
研究結果發現，以蒙脫土剪力強度做為斷層強度所建構之應力極限模型，較為接近實際的應力量測資料。近地表部份受殘餘應力等因素影響，資料分布較為零亂，顯示K1值雖有偏高的現象，但大部份資料仍不超過以Byerlee’s law考慮靜水壓所建構的的應力極限範圍，越深處的應力資料越能符合以蒙脫土強度建構之應力極限模型。
就K值而言，在壓縮區，最大水平應力對垂直應力之比值K1一般介於1.4至2.2之間。在伸張區，最小水平應力對垂直應力之比值K2一般介於0.4至0.7之間。在穩定區，K1通常小於1.4且K2一般大於0.7。

摘要(英)

The stress field of earth crust changes in response to tectonic compression
and extension and results in deformation and various kinds of faulting. If we
assume that the earth crust would reach a limit equilibrium state before faults
start to failure, a stress constrain model could be found by adopting a proper fault
strength model. Worldwide in-situ stress measurement data were collected and
used for validating different stress constraint model and for studying the stress
characteristics of different stress regime.
A zoning of stress regime were constructed according to the neotectonic
fault type, tectonics and structure characteristics, and focal mechanism data
collected by this study. We divided the earth crust into three kinds of tectonic
stress regimes: compressional regime, extensional regime and stable area. The
characteristics of in-situ stress in a stress regime were studied and the application
of different stress constraint model were discussed.
Results show that the stress constraint model based on an undrained shear
strength of montmorillonite fits better with the in-situ stress measurement data.
These shallow-depth stress data are affected by residual stresses and other effects
and are more scattered, but most values are still within the stress constrain model
given by Byerlee’s friction law. Those stress measurement data collected from
deeper depth fits better with the stress constraint model constructed by the strength
of montmorillonite.
The ratio of the maximum horizontal stress to vertical stress K1 usually
ranged from 1.4 to 2.2 in compression regime and the ratio of the minimum
horizontal stress to vertical stress K2 usually ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 in extension
regime. In stable regime, K1 is usually below 1.4, and K2 is usually over 0.7.

關鍵字(中)

★ 應力極限模型
★ 應力極限
★ 世界應力量測
★ 現地應力
★ 蒙脫土
★ 斷層泥
★ 斷層剪力強度
★ 大地應力
★ 剪力強度
★

關鍵字(英)

★ crustal stress
★ stress constraint model
★ constraint model
★ tectonic stress
★ in-situ
★ in-situ stress
★ world stress measurement
★ tectonic regime
★ fault strength
★ shear strength
★ fault gouge
★ montmorillonite
★ stress model
★ stress constraint
★ focal mechanism

論文目次

目錄頁數
中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖目 Ⅷ
表目 Ⅹ
第一章緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究內容簡介 1
第二章地應力及其文獻回顧 2
2.1 地應力量測方法 2
2.1.1 水力破裂法 2
2.1.2 套鑽法 5
2.2 地應力相關文獻回顧 8
2.2.1 地應力相關研究 8
2.2.2 斷層剪力強度相關研究 10
2.2.3 應力極限模型相關研究 12
第三章研究方法及步驟 13
3.1 資料蒐集 13
3.1.1 世界地震震源機制資料蒐集 13
3.1.2 世界地應力資料蒐集 16
3.1.3 地質相關資料蒐集 16
3.2 資料處理 19
3.2.1 地震資料分類 19
3.2.2 地應力資料處理 21
3.2.3 理論垂直應力的給予 25
3.2.4 應力資料分級 26
3.3 地體構造應力區劃分 29
3.4 應力極限模型的建構 29
3.5 地應力資料與應力極限模型之比較 36
第四章資料分析及結果 37
4.1 壓縮應力區 37
4.1.1 日本地區 37
4.1.2 東亞地區 40
4.1.3 美國東部地區 40
4.1.4 美國西部地區 43
4.1.5 壓縮區結果 43
4.2 伸張應力區 46
4.2.1 冰島 46
4.2.2 南非地區 46
4.2.3 美國中西部地區 48
4.2.4 伸張區結果 48
4.3 穩定區 48
4.3.1 北美洲中北部地區 52
4.3.2 歐洲地區 52
4.3.3 澳洲地區 54
4.3.4 穩定區結果 54
4.4 其他地區 54
4.5 研究結果 57
第五章討論 61
5.1 資料處理 61
5.2 資料品質 61
5.3 應力分區 62
5.4 成果解釋 63
5.4.1 殘餘應力 63
5.4.2 局部地形效應 64
5.4.3 區域構造擾動 64
5.4.4 不連續面的影響 65
5.4.5 不均勻材料所引致的結構應力 65
5.5 應力極限模型 65
5.5.1 蒙脫土的物性 65
5.5.2 與其他極限模型比較 66
第六章結論與建議 68
6.1 結論 68
6.2 建議 69
參考文獻 70
附錄一本研究挑選之World Stress Map地應力資料 89
附錄二文獻蒐集之地應力資料 94
圖目頁數
圖2.1 水力破裂法試驗設備示意圖 4
圖2.2 水力破裂試驗壓力與時間記錄圖 4
圖2.3 裂縫拓印設備示意圖 6
圖2.4 裂縫拓印結果圖 6
圖2.5 使用套鑽法量測現地應力之步驟圖 7
圖2.6 （a）平均水平應力與垂直應力之比值Kavg對應深度之分布圖 9
（b）現地量測之垂直方向應力對應距地表深度之分布圖 9
圖3.1 本研究之研究流程圖 14
圖3.2 本研究蒐集之1908年至2004年地震資料分布圖 15
圖3.3 WSM 2003年世界應力分布圖 17
圖3.4 本研究蒐集之地應力資料分布圖 18
圖3.5 構成大陸的三種構造單元分布圖 20
圖3.6 各種類型的斷層滑動示意圖 22
圖3.7 本研究蒐集的震源機制分類後之資料分布圖 23
圖3.8 本研究之地體構造應力分區與應力資料分布圖 30
圖3.9 完整岩石、岩石界面、黏土礦物等之尖峰剪力強度示意圖 32
圖3.10 Rakine主動與被動土壓力概念之示意圖 33
圖3.11 蒙脫土應力極限模型圖 35
圖4.1 地體構造應力分區及各代表區域位置圖 38
圖4.2 日本地區大地應力狀態 39
圖4.3 日本地區現地應力K值的分布 39
圖4.4 東亞地區大地應力狀態 41
圖4.5 東亞地區現地應力K值的分布 42
圖4.6 美國東部地區大地應力狀態 44
圖4.7 美國東部地區現地應力K值的分布 44
圖4.8 美國西部地區大地應力狀態 45
圖4.9 美國西部地區現地應力K值的分布 45
圖4.10 冰島地區大地應力狀態 47
圖4.11 冰島地區現地應力K值的分布 47
圖4.12 南非地區大地應力狀態 49
圖4.13 南非地區現地應力K值的分布 50
圖4.14 美國中西部地區大地應力狀態 51
圖4.15 美國中西部地區現地應力K值的分布 51
圖4.16 北美洲中北部地區大地應力狀態 53
圖4.17 北美洲中北部地區現地應力K值的分布 53
圖4.18 歐洲地區大地應力狀態 55
圖4.19 歐洲地區現地應力K值的分布 55
圖4.20 澳洲地區大地應力狀態 56
圖4.21 澳洲地區現地應力K值的分布 56
圖4.22 壓縮區現地應力K值的分布 58
圖4.23 伸張區現地應力K值的分布 58
圖4.24 穩定區現地應力K值的分布 59
表目頁數
表3.1 震源機制解之分類依據 21
表3.2 理論垂直應力之密度給予範圍 26
表3.3 WSM所定義現地應力資料等級 27
表3.4 本研究地應力資料的分級 28

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指導教授

李錫堤(Chyi-Tyi Lee)

審核日期

2004-7-15

推文