以質譜技術對環境中多溴聯苯醚檢測之方法開發與應用

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：59

、訪客IP：18.224.54.255

姓名

鍾尹如(Yin-Ju Jhong) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學學系

論文名稱

以質譜技術對環境中多溴聯苯醚檢測之方法開發與應用
(Determination of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environment samples by mass spectrometry-method development and applications)

相關論文

★ 以質譜技術探討非共價鍵結蛋白質聚合物之結構	★ 以液相層析質譜儀檢測水樣與生物檢體中全氟界面活性劑之濃度
★ 利用液相層析串聯質譜技術檢測水環境中藥物殘留物之方法開發與應用	★ 直鏈式烷基苯基二甲基銨鹽類陽離子型界面活性劑在水環境中微量檢測方法的研究
★ 芳香族磺酸鹽類有機污染物在水環境中的分析與研究	★ 以固相萃取及氣相層析質譜儀對水環境中壬基苯酚類持久性有機污染物之分析與研究
★ 以固相萃取法及氣相層析質譜儀對水環境中動情激素類有機污染物之分析與研究	★ 利用熱裂解直接高溫衍生化法快速分析直鏈式烷基三甲基銨鹽之方法建立與探討
★ 利用感應偶合電漿質譜儀檢測半導體製程用化學品中微量金屬不純物之分析研究	★ 應用毛細管電泳間接偵測方法分離四級銨鹽界面活性劑
★ 利用毛細管電泳結合線上濃縮方法分離奈磺酸鹽之機制探討	★ 快速分析水環境中醫療藥品殘留物之研究與探討
★ 以毛細管電泳法與電灑游離質譜法探討內包錯合物之研究	★ 以氣相及液相層析質譜儀分析具荷爾蒙效應物質之方法開發
★ 以離子配對高效液相層析儀檢測螢光增白劑在不同基質中之研究	★ 以氣相層析質譜儀檢測具荷爾蒙效應添加劑之方法開發與研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

多溴聯苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)為廣泛使用的耐燃添加劑，應用於各種民生用品與建築材料。PBDEs具有低反應、低揮發性、高親脂性等性質，而被視為持久性環境污染物，在環境中多存在於底泥、生物檢體等固態樣品中。PBDEs結構相近於甲狀腺T4激素，而視為甲狀腺荷爾蒙干擾物，亦具有神經毒性與致癌可能性。PBDE為可能形成溴化戴奧辛與溴化呋喃的前驅物，因而為歐盟危害物質限用指令(Restriction of Hazardous Substance, RoHS)中明定禁用物之一。
索氏萃取法(Soxhlet extraction)與液固萃取法(Liquid-solid extraction)等傳統萃取法具有損耗大量溶劑、冗長實驗時間及不易自動化等缺點，因此發展加壓溶液萃取法(Pressurized liquid extraction, PLE)對固態環境樣品中PBDEs做有效萃取。在添加PBDEs標準品的無污染高嶺土樣品中，利用改變溶劑組成、溫度、壓力與萃取時間等參數而得最佳化條件，可得最佳回收率為51.9%-103.6%，相對標準偏差值介於1.6%~19.2%之間。
將所發展之最佳化加壓溶液萃取技術應用於不同地區的固態環境樣品，並搭配氣相層析質譜技術作為偵測，建立穩定且堅固的定性定量之分析步驟，檢測多溴聯苯醚的濃度，可得偵測極限範圍為0.1~100 ng/g；定量極限範圍為0.5~200 ng/g。檢測台灣地區七處採樣點的底泥發現，皆有多溴聯苯醚污染，檢出率高達100%；檢出物種包含三溴聯苯醚BDE-028，四溴聯苯醚BDE-047、BDE-085，五溴聯苯醚BDE-099、BDE-100，六溴聯苯醚BDE-138、BDE-153、BDE-154，七溴聯苯醚BDE-183，八溴聯苯醚BDE-203，九溴聯苯醚BDE-206，與十溴聯苯醚BDE-209，各地PBDEs總濃度範圍為7990 pg/g ~37900 pg/g。單口蚓生物檢體亦受多溴聯苯醚污染，檢出物種包含三溴聯苯醚BDE-028，四溴聯苯醚BDE-047，五溴聯苯醚BDE-099、BDE-100，六溴聯苯醚BDE-153、BDE-154，七溴聯苯醚BDE-183，八溴聯苯醚BDE-203，九溴聯苯醚BDE-206，與十溴聯苯醚BDE-209，PBDEs總濃度為434000 pg/g。
建立十溴聯苯醚於液相層析質譜儀(LC/MS)中最佳化層析與質譜游離化條件，以輔助定性與定量十溴聯苯醚於環境底泥樣品與生物檢體中濃度，為本研究另一目標。結果顯示，以甲醇:水溶液(99:1,v/v)作為動相組成溶液，以流速0.6 mL/min沖提並搭配5%異辛烷為摻雜劑進入大氣壓光游離源(APPI)，於毛細管電壓1600V、汽化溫度250℃與乾燥氣體溫度250℃最佳化條件下游離，以MS/MS模式分析，可得偵測極限為50 ng/g；定量極限為150 ng/g。且GC/MS與LC/MS/MS兩種方法用於檢測環境中十溴聯苯醚濃度在95%可信度下無明顯差異。

摘要(英)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have multiple applications, either as an additive component or reactive. If use as an additive, PBDEs are not chemically bonded to the polymeric material and therefore may be released or leached from its surface into the environment. PBDEs act as hormone disruptors, neurodevelopmental toxics, and in some cases, carcinogenic agents. In addition, the combustion of these compounds could generate highly toxic polybrominated dibenzo-p- dioxins/furans.
A time- and solvent-saving method, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), to extract PBDEs in sediment was developed in this study. The effects of various operational parameters (i.e., temperature, pressure, etc.) for the quantitative extraction of PBDEs by PLE were investigated. The analytes were then identified and quantitated by GC-MS technique. The PBDEs can be completely extracted by CH2Cl2 : n-hexane (3:2, v/v) at 100?C and 100 atm combined with 15 min static and then 15 min dynamic extraction steps. Recovery of PBDEs in spiked blank kaolin samples ranged from 52 to 104% with 2-19% RSD. Comparison with Soxhlet method, compatible results were obtained by using PLE with much shorter extraction time and a small quantity of solvent consumed. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established between 0.5 to 200 ng/g in 10 g of sediment sample. The total contents of PBDEs ranged from 7990 to 37900 pg/g in various river sediments. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) was the major PBDEs detected in sediment samples.
Additionally, LC-MS/MS with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) was used for the analysis of deca-BDE as a complementary quantitation method. Various LC and MS parameters were evaluated to optimize the abundance of deca-BDE signal. The nebulizer pressure was optimized as 60 psi; the drying gas flow rate and drying gas temperature were optimized as 10 L/min and 250?C, respectively; and the capillary voltage was optimized at + 1100 V in negative ion mode. Under these conditions, deca-BDE underwent [M?Br+O]? and [M?Br+ O-2Br]? fragmentations. Isooctane was used as an effective dopant for indirect APPI analysis. Comparison with GC-MS method, compatible results were obtained by using LC-APPI-MS/MS with lower LOQ of deca-BDE (done to 150 ng/g in 10 g of sediment sample).

關鍵字(中)

★ 大氣壓力光游離法
★ 加壓溶液萃取法
★ 多溴聯苯醚
★ 氣相層析質譜儀
★ 液相層析質譜儀

關鍵字(英)

★ Pressurized liquid extraction
★ Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
★ Gas chromatography
★ Atmospheric pressure photoionization
★ Liquid chromatography

論文目次

目錄
中文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅰ
英文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅲ
謝誌 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅴ
目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅵ
表目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅷ
圖目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅹ
第一章緒論 --------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1-1 研究的緣起 ---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1-2 研究目標 ------------------------------------------------------------- 9
第二章文獻回顧 -------------------------------------------------------- 11
2-1 耐燃劑 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2-1-1 耐燃劑的簡介與原理 -------------------------------------- 11
2-1-2 耐燃劑之分類 ----------------------------------------------- 12
2-1-3 溴化耐燃劑簡介 -------------------------------------------- 14
2-2 多溴聯苯醚 ---------------------------------------------------------- 15
2-2-1 多溴聯苯醚簡介 -------------------------------------------- 15
2-2-2 多溴聯苯醚之性質 ----------------------------------------- 17
2-2-3多溴聯苯醚之毒性 ------------------------------------------ 19
2-2-4多溴聯苯醚之相關研究 ----------------------------------- 21
2-3 加壓溶液萃取法 ---------------------------------------------------- 27
2-3-1 加壓溶液萃取法之原理 ---------------------------------- 28
2-4 氣相層析質譜儀 --------------------------------------------------- 31
2-4-1 四極矩質譜儀 ---------------------------------------------- 32
2-4-2 選擇離子偵測法 ------------------------------------------- 33
2-5 液相層析質譜儀 ---------------------------------------------------- 35
2-5-1 大氣壓力光游離法 ----------------------------------------- 36
2-5-2 離子阱質譜儀 ----------------------------------------------- 40
第三章實驗步驟與樣品分析 ---------------------------------------- 42
3-1 實驗藥品與儀器設備 ----------------------------------------------- 42
3-1-1實驗藥品 ------------------------------------------------------- 42
3-1-2 儀器設備 ------------------------------------------------------ 46
3-2 實驗步驟 -------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3-2-1 標準品的製備 ------------------------------------------------ 48
3-2-1.1 待側物標準品的製備 ------------------------------- 48
3-2-1.2 內標準品的製備 ------------------------------------- 48
3-2-1.3 擬似標準品的製備 ---------------------------------- 49
3-2-2 三至十溴聯苯醚同系物標準品之測定 ------------------ 49
3-2-3 十溴聯苯醚標準品之測定 --------------------------------- 52
3-2-4 加壓溶液萃取步驟 ------------------------------------------ 53
3-2-5 傳統索氏萃取步驟 ------------------------------------------ 54
3-2-6 真實樣品的萃取與淨化 ------------------------------------ 55
3-3 樣品採集 -------------------------------------------------------------- 57
3-3-1 採集方法 ------------------------------------------------------ 57
3-3-2 採集地點與性質 --------------------------------------------- 57
第四章結果與討論 ------------------------------------------------------ 59
4-1 氣相層析質譜儀對多溴聯苯醚之分析 -------------------------- 59
4-1-1 三至十溴聯苯醚同系物標準品之測定 ------------------ 59
4-1-2 檢量線 --------------------------------------------------------- 60
4-2 加壓溶液萃取技術之最佳化萃取條件 --------------------------- 65
4-2-1 萃取溶液組成 ------------------------------------------------- 65
4-2-2 萃取溫度 ------------------------------------------------------ 68
4-2-3 萃取壓力 ------------------------------------------------------ 69
4-2-4 靜態萃取時間 ------------------------------------------------ 72
4-2-5 動態萃取時間 ------------------------------------------------ 73
4-2-6 前處理方法探討 --------------------------------------------- 76
4-2-6.1 加壓溶液萃取 ---------------------------------------- 76
4-2-6.2 酸洗 ---------------------------------------------------- 77
4-2-7 不同底泥樣品的萃取效果比較 --------------------------- 79
4-2-8 加壓溶液萃取法與傳統索氏萃取法的比較 ------------ 81
4-3 氣相層析質譜儀對環境中多溴聯苯醚同系物濃度之分析 -- 84
4-3-1 環境底泥中多溴聯苯醚之測定 --------------------------- 84
4-3-2 生物檢體中多溴聯苯醚之測定----------------------------- 91
4-4 液相層析質譜儀對多溴聯苯醚之分析 -------------------------- 93
4-4-1 毛細管電壓對分析物感度之影響 ------------------------ 93
4-4-2 汽化溫度對分析物感度之影響 --------------------------- 94
4-4-3 摻雜劑對分析物游離效果的影響 ------------------------ 95
4-4-4 十溴聯苯醚標準品之測定 --------------------------------- 97
4-4-5 檢量線 --------------------------------------------------------- 99
4-5 液相層析質譜儀輔助檢測環境中十溴聯苯醚濃度之分析 - 100
第五章結論 -------------------------------------------------------------- 105
參考文獻 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 107
表目錄
表1-1. 歷年火災死傷人數及財物損失 ------------------------------- 2
表1-2. 多溴聯苯醚同系物、擬似標準品及內標準品之結構式與
縮寫 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7
表2-1. 各類耐燃劑之耐燃效果 ----------------------------------------- 13
表2-2. 工業用多溴聯苯醚基本組成 ----------------------------------- 15
表2-3. 1999年多溴聯苯醚全球需求量 ------------------------------- 16
表2-4. 多溴聯苯醚基本性質--------------------------------------------- 17
表2-5. 國外針對多溴聯苯醚同系物之相關研究--------------------- 23
表2-6. 國外針對加壓溶液萃取法檢測多溴聯苯醚同系物之相關
研究 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 25
表2-7. 常用APPI燈源與摻雜劑之估計游離能 -------------------- 39
表3-1. 氣相層析質譜儀參數設定 ------------------------------------- 50
表3-2. SIM mode下不同時間選擇之質荷比 ----------------------- 51
表3-3. 液相層析質譜儀參數設定 ------------------------------------- 52
表3-4. 底泥樣品基本性質 ---------------------------------------------- 58
表4-1. 多溴聯苯醚之偵側極限與檢量線線性關係與相對標準偏
差 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
表4-2. 不同萃取溶液組成之回收率與相對標準偏差値------------ 67
表4-3. 不同萃取溫度之回收率與相對標準偏差値 ----------------- 71
表4-4. 不同萃取壓力之回收率與相對標準偏差値 ----------------- 71
表4-5. 不同靜態萃取時間之回收率與相對標準偏差 -------------- 75
表4-6. 不同動態萃取時間之回收率與相對標準偏差値 ----------- 75
表4-7. 不同底泥樣品之添加回收率與相對標準偏差値 ----------- 80
表4-8. 加壓溶液萃取與傳統索氏萃取方法比較 -------------------- 81
表4-9. 加壓溶液萃取與傳統索氏萃取之回收率與相對標準偏差
値---------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
表4-10. 多溴聯苯醚在不同地區底泥中的濃度 ------------------------ 87
表4-11. 多溴聯苯醚在不同底泥基質中的回收率 --------------------- 88
表4-12. 多溴聯苯醚於單口蚓檢體中的濃度 --------------------------- 92
表4-13. 多溴聯苯醚於單口蚓檢體中的回收率 ------------------------ 92
表4-14. 十溴聯苯醚之偵測極限與檢量線線性關係、再現性 ------- 99
表4-15. 以氣相與液相層析質譜儀檢測十溴聯苯醚濃度之比較 --- 100
圖目錄
圖1-1. 歷年火災發生次數 ---------------------------------------------- 2
圖1-2. 四種主要溴化耐燃劑結構圖 ----------------------------------- 2
圖2-1. 添加型耐燃劑分類 ----------------------------------------------- 12
圖2-2. 1997年至2001年台灣地區八溴與十溴聯苯醚進口情形- 16
圖2-3. 多溴聯苯醚與甲狀腺T4激素結構圖 ------------------------ 19
圖2-4. 十溴聯苯醚形成溴化戴奧辛與溴化呋喃之可能機制------ 21
圖2-5. 加壓溶液萃取儀裝置 -------------------------------------------- 27
圖2-6. 四極矩質量分析器 ----------------------------------------------- 33
圖2-7. APPI游離源構造 ------------------------------------------------- 37
圖2-8. 液相層析質譜技術之適用性 ----------------------------------- 40
圖4-1. 分析物標準品之質譜圖 ----------------------------------------- 62
圖4-2. 萃取溶液組成比較 ----------------------------------------------- 66
圖4-3. 萃取溫度比較 ----------------------------------------------------- 70
圖4-4. 萃取壓力比較 ----------------------------------------------------- 70
圖 4-5. 靜態萃取時間比較 ----------------------------------------------- 74
圖4-6. 動態萃取時間比較 ----------------------------------------------- 74
圖4-7. 添加多溴聯苯醚標準品於高嶺土中之加壓溶液萃取層析
圖--------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
圖4-8. 台西地區底泥多溴聯苯醚背景濃度檢測之層析圖 --------- 78
圖4-9. 不同底泥樣品之添加回收率 ------------------------------------ 79
圖4-10. 加壓溶液萃取與傳統索氏萃取檢測固態樣品之層析圖 --- 82
圖4-11. 分析台灣地區底泥之層析圖 ------------------------------------ 89
圖4-12. 分析單口蚓檢體之層析圖 --------------------------------------- 91
圖4-13. 十溴聯苯醚標準品之一次質譜圖 ------------------------------ 94
圖4-14. 毛細管電壓對[M-Br+O]-感度之影響 -------------------------- 94
圖4-15. 汽化溫度對[M-Br+O]-感度之影響 ----------------------------- 95
圖4-16. 摻雜劑種類對分析物游離效果的影響 ------------------------ 96
圖4-17. 摻雜劑比例對分析物游離效果的影響 ------------------------ 97
圖4-18. 十溴聯苯醚之二次質譜圖 --------------------------------------- 98
圖4-19. 十溴聯苯醚之二次質譜選擇離子層析圖 --------------------- 98
圖4-20. LC/MS/MS輔助檢測十溴聯苯醚之層析圖 ------------------- 101
圖4-21. LC/MS/MS輔助檢測十溴聯苯醚之質譜圖 ------------------ 103

參考文獻

? 郭瀚文，丁望賢: 液相層析質譜儀中大氣壓力光游離法之原理與應用，科儀新知，第26卷第二期，第81-97頁，民國93年。
? 王正雄: 聚溴二苯醚阻燃劑之環境汙染，環境檢驗，第50期，第4-10頁，民國93年。
? Ackerman, L.; Wilson, G.; Simonich, S., Quantitative analysis of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers by isotope dilution GC/low-resolution MS, Anal. Chem., 2005, 77, 1979-1987.
? Ashizuka, Y.; Nakagawa, R.; Tobiishi, K.; Hori, T.; Iida, T., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in marine products, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 3807-3813.
? Basso, E,; Marotta, E.; Seraglia, R.; Tubaro, M.; Traldi, P., On the formation of negative ions in atmospheric pressure photoionization conditions, J. Mass Spectrom., 2003, 38, 1113-1115.
? Bayen, S.; Lee, H.; Obbard, J., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine biological tissues using microwave-assisted extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1035, 291-294.
? Bezares-Cruz, J,; Jafvert, C.; Hua, I., Solar Photodecomposition of decabromodiphenyl ether : products and quantum yield, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 4149-4156.
? Birnbaum, L.; Staskal, D., Brominated flame retardants : Cause for concern, Environ. Health Perspect., 2004, 11, 9-17.
? Bocio, A.; Llobet, J.; Domingo, J.; Corbella, J., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs : human exposure through the diet, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 3191-3195.
? Butt, C.; Diamond, M.; Truong, J.; Ikonomou, M.; Schure, A., Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Southern Ontario as measured in indoor and ourdoor window organic films, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 724-731.
? Cal, A.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D, Determination of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in sediment samples using fast selective pressurized liquid extraction and purification, J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 1021, 165-173.
? Choi, J.; Fujimaki, S.; Kitamura, K.; Hashimoto, S.; Suzuki, N.; Sakai, S.; Morita, M.; Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 817-821.
? Covaci, A.; Boer, J.; Ryan, J.; Voorspoels, S.; Schepens, P., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue by large-volumn injection-narrow-bore capillary gas chromatography/electron impact low-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 2002, 74,790-798.
? Darnerud, P., Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife, Environment Int., 2003, 29, 841-853.
? Darnerud, P., Wong, J.; Bergman, Å,; Ilbäck, N., Common viral infection affects pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) distribution and metabolic and hormonal activities in mice, Toxicology, 2005, 210, 159-167.
? Debrauwer, L.; Riu, A.; Jouahri, M.; Rathahao, E.; Jouanin, I.; Antignac, J.; Cariou, R.; Bizec, B.; Zalko, D., Probing new approaches using atmospheric pressure photo ionization for the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their related degradation products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1082, 98-109.
? Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D., Sample handling and analysis of brominated flame retardants in soil and sludge sample, Trends Anal. chem., 2004, 23, 727-736.
? Eljarrat, E.; Lacorte,S.; Barceló, D., Optimization of congener-specific analysis of 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 2002, 37, 76-84.
? Eljarrat, E.; Cal, A.; Raldua, D.; Duran, C.; Barcelo, D., Occurrence and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from the Cinca river, a tributary of the Ebro river (Spain), Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 2603-2608.
? Eriksson, P.; Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A., Brominated flame retardants : a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment, Environ. Health Perspect., 2001, 109, 903-908.
? Eriksson, J.; Green, N.; Marsh, G.; Bergman, Å., Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 3119-3125.
? Hale, R.; Guardia, M.; Harvey, E.; Mainor, T.; Duff, W.; Gaylor, M., Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in Virginia freshwater fishes (USA), Environ. Sci. Technol, 2001, 35, 4585-4591.
? Hale, R.; Guardia, M.; Harvey, E.; Mainor, T., Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment, Chemosphere, 2002, 46, 729-735.
? Hardy, M., The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants, Chemosphere, 2002, 46, 757-777.
? Harrad, S.; Wijesekera, R.; Hunter, S.; Halliwell, C.; Baker, R., Prelimainary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 2345-2350.
? Hassanin, A.; Breivik, K.; Meijer, S.; Steinnes, E.; Thomas, G.; Jones, K., PBDEs in European background soils : levels and factors controlling their distribution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 738-745.
? Hassanin, A.; Johnston, A.; Thomas, G.; Jones, K., Time trends of atmospheric PBDEs inferred from archived U.K. herbage, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 2436-2441.
? Hites, R., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people : a meta-analysis of concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 945-956.
? Hubert, A.; Wenzel, K.; Manz, M.; Weissflog, L.; Engewald, W.; Schüümann, G., High extraction efficiency for POPs in real contaminated soil samples using accelerated solvent extraction, Anal. Chem., 2002, 72, 1294-1300.
? Huwe, J.; Larsen, G., Polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U.S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 5606-5611.
? Kajiwara, N.; Ueno, D.; Takahashi, A.; Baba, N.; Tanabe, S., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorines in archived north fur seal sample from the Pacific coast of Japan, 1972-1998, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 3804-3809.
? Kauppila, T.; Kotiaho, T.; Kostiainen, R., Negative ion-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry, J Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 203-211.
? Korytár, P.; Covaci, A.; Boer, J.; Gelbin, A.; Brinkman, U., Retention-time database of 126 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners and two Bromkal technical mixtures on seven capillary gas chromatographic columns, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1065, 239-249.
? Li, Q.; Loganath, A.; Chong, Y.; Obbard, J., Determination and occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal adipose tissue from inhabitants of Singapore, 2005, J. Chromatogr. B, 2005, 253-257.
? Mazdai, A.; Dodder, N.; Abernathy, M.; Hites, R.; Bigsby, R., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood sample, Environ. Health Perspect., 2003, 111, 1249-1252.
? McDonald, T., A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs, Chemosphere, 2002, 46, 745-755.
? Meerts, I.; Zanden, J.; Luijks, E.; Leeuwen-Bol, I.; Marsh, G.; Jakobsson, E., Potent competitive interaction of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro, Toxicol. Sci., 2000, 56, 95-104.
? Meerts, I.; Letcher, R.; Hoving, S.; Marsh, G.; Bergman, A.; Lemmen, J.; Burg, B.; Brouwer, A., In vitro estrogenocity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PBDEs, and polybrominated bisphenol a compounds, Environ. Health Perspect., 2001, 109, 399-407.
? Müller, A.; Björklund, E.; Holst, C., On-line clean-up of pressurized liquid extracts of the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in feedingstuffs and food matrices using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 2001, 925, 197-205.
? Norén, K.; Meironyté, D., Centain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years, Chemosphere, 2000, 40, 1111-1123.
? North, K., Tracking polybrominated diphenyl ether releases in a wastewater treatment plant effluent, Palo Alto, California, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2004, 38, 4484-4488.
? Oros, D.; Hoover, D.; Rodigari, F.; Crane, D.; Sericano, J., Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the San Francisco estuary, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2005, 39, 33-41.
? Pöhlein, M.; Llopis, A.; Wolf, M.; Eldik, R., Rapid identification of RoHS-relevant flame retardant from polymer housings by ultrasonic extraction and RP-HPLC/UV, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1066, 111-117.
? Rahman, F.; Langford, K.; Scrimshaw, M.; Lester, J., Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, Sci. Total Environ., 2001, 275, 1-17.
? Ramos, L.; Kristenson, E.; Brinkman, U., Current use of pressurised liquid extraction and subcritical water extraction in environmental analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 975, 3-29.
? Raffaelli, A,; Saba, A., Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry, Mass Spec. Rev., 2003, 22, 318-331.
? Robb, D.; Covey, T.; Bruins, A., Atmospheric pressure photoionization : an ionization method for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 2002, 72, 3653-3659.
? Saito, K.; Sjödin, A.; Sandau, C.; Davis, M.; Nakazawa, H.; Matsuki, Y.; Jr. D., Development of a accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography analytical method for measuring persistent organohalogen compounds in adipose and organ tissue analysis, Chemosphere, 2004, 57, 373-381.
? Sanchez-Prado, L.; Llompart, M.; Lores, M.; Garcia-Jares, C.; Cela, R., Investigation of photodegradation products generated after UV-irradiation of five polybrominated diphenyl ethers using photo solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1071, 85-92.
? Sanchez-Prado, L.; González-Barreiro, C.; Lores, M.; García-Jares, R.; Cela, R., Photochemical studies of a polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDES) technical mixture by solid phase microextraction (SPME), Chemosphere, 2005, 60, 922-928
? Schecter, A.; Päpke, O.; Tung, K.; Staskal, D.; Birnbaum, L., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 5306-5311.
? Schlummer, M.; Brandl, F.; Mäurer, A.; van Eldik, R., Analysis of flame retardant additives in polymers fractions of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) by means of HPLC-UV/MS and GPC-HPLC-UV, 2005, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1064, 39-51.
? Schure, A.; Larsson, P., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in precipitation in Southern Sweden (Skåne, Lund), Atmos. Environ., 2002, 36, 4015-4022.
? Sellström, U.; DeWit, C.; Lundgren, N.; Tysklind, M., Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher-brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 9064-9070.
? Sjödin, A.; Jones, R.; Lapeza, C.; Focant, J.; McGahee, E.; Patterson, D., Semiautomated high-throughput extraction and cleanup method for the measurement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum, Anal. Chem., 2004, 76, 1921-1927.
? Song, W.; Ford, J.; Li, A.; Mills, W.; Buckley, D.; Rockne, K., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great lakes. 1. lake superior, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 3286-3293.
? Tomy, G.; Palace, V.; Halldorson, T.; Brakevelt, E.; Danell, R.; Wautier, K.; Evans, B.; Brinkworth, L.; Fisk, A., Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 1496-1504.
? Vetter, W., A GC/ECNI-MS method for the identification of lipophilic anthropogenic and natural brominated compounds in marine sample, Anal. Chem., 2001, 73, 4951-4957.
? Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.; Eriksson, P., Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant 2,2’,4,4’,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether causes altered susceptibility in the cholinergic transmitter system in the adult mouse, Toxicol. Sci., 2002, 67, 104-107.
? Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.; Eriksson, P., Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts apontaneous behavior, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice, Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol., 2003, 192, 95-106.
? Viberg, H.; Fredriksson, A.; Eriksson, P., Deranged spontaneous behaviour and decrease in cholinergic muscarinic receptors in hippocampus in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2’,4,4’,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99), Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2005, 20, 283-288.
? Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Schepens, P., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine species from the Belgian North sea and the Western Scheldt estuary : level, profiles, and distribution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 4348-4357.
? Wang, D.; Cai, Z.; Jiang, G.; Leung, A.; Wong, M.; Wong, W., Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility, Chemosphere, 2005, 60, 810-816.
? Watanabe, K.; Senthilkumar, K.; Masunaga, S.; Takasuga, T.; Iseki, N.; Morita, M., Brominated organic contaminants in the liver and egg of the common cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 4071-4077.
? Zennegg, M.; Kohler, M.; Gerecke, A.; Schmid, P., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in whitefish from Swiss lakes and farmed rainbow trout, Chemosphere, 2003, 51, 545-553.
? Zhu, L.; Hites, R., Temporal trends and spatial distributions of brominated flame retardants in archived fishes from the Great Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 2779-2784.

指導教授

丁望賢(Wang-Hsien Ding)

審核日期

2006-6-20

推文