聖克里斯多福康納利掩埋場整治效益之研究

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：63

、訪客IP：18.222.166.12

姓名

麥傑米(Jermine Mike) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

國際永續發展碩士在職專班

論文名稱

聖克里斯多福康納利掩埋場整治效益之研究
(Landfill Mining and Reclamation of the Conaree Landfill Site in Saint Christopher)

相關論文

★ 郵輪觀光產業對於貝里斯社會及環境衝擊評估	★ 可行性研究應用的屠宰場在尼加拉瓜的廢物管理措施
★ 小型風力發電於瓜地馬拉VIZCAYA社區推展的可行性研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

座落於聖克里斯多福島 (又名聖克島) 的康納利掩埋場迄今已經操作了50年。2002年之前，該掩埋場是不合衛生要求之廢棄物棄置場，之後政府將其整修成衛生掩埋場。本掩埋場目前由公營之廢棄物管理公司 (SWMC) 經營，並收受全島所收集每週約700 ~ 800公噸之廢棄物。康納利掩埋場佔地12.8公頃，其中4.2公頃為掩埋區，掩埋量可達15萬3000立方公尺，但是於2012年即已達到設計之掩埋量。
本研究目的是探討康納利掩埋場廢棄物重行挖出及回收於增加掩埋體積、環境利益及廢棄物回收方面之效益。研究結果顯示，本掩埋場估計有約364,270公噸之廢棄物，可回收再利用廢棄物包括金屬類與塑膠類廢棄物。於成本分析方面，開挖之工程費估計為美金$1,010,000元，回收廢棄物之費用為$177,801元，而回收之金屬類出售所得，按本國之市場行情為美金$177,801元；至於塑膠類廢棄物因尚無市場出售價值，但可送往擬興建中之焚化爐處理而增加熱值，此外，本既有掩埋場因而可增加9,866立方公尺之掩埋空間。
通常情況，掩埋場重新整治亦有減少溫室氣體甲烷 (CH4)與二氧化碳之環境利益，可是本掩埋場之操作年限已超過50年，加上挖出之有機廢棄物仍需填埋回本掩埋場，因此，本研究並未將此項環境利益納入。本掩埋場經重新整治後之環境效益應可達到有害廢棄物之掘出後予以妥適處理、減少廢氣自掩埋區之逸散及防止滲出水污染等。受限於所需之研究時間及條件，本研究未有環境利益方面之量化結果，無論如何，就長期而言，康納利掩埋場整治後所獲得之環境效益必會超過工程方面之成本。

摘要(英)

The Conaree Landfill site located in the island of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts or Saint Kitts) has been operating for over 50 years. Before 2002, the burial site was a garbage dump site until it was renovated into a sanitary landfill by the government. The site now is managed by the Solid Waste Management Corporation (SWMC) which is a government owned entity, and receives approximately 700-800 tonnes of solid waste weekly which are all of the collected amount of the island’s solid waste. Conaree landfill site has 12.8 hectares with 4.2 hectares dedicated to solid waste disposal. Total disposal capacity of the landfill is 153,000 cubic metres. In 2012, it had reached full capacity in solid waste burial.
The purposes of this study for Conaree Landfill in site mining and reclamation are to recover the landfill space, obtain the environmental benefits, and recover the valuable materials in the buried solid waste. In the results of this study for above purposes, it found that the site for waste bury can increase as much as 9,866 m3. About the recovery of valuable materials, in an attempt to quantify the cost and benefits while performing the landfill mining and reclamation (LFMR) project in St. Kitts. This study applied a method to estimate the amount of solid waste in the landfill. According to the estimation, it showed that the total waste in the landfill was 364,270 tonnes. Plastics were deemed to be not economic to be recovered for sale in the market, but that instead used as fuel in a waste to energy facility could have a considerable value. Furthermore, the total recycling cost (metals only) amounted to $177,801, while the revenue from the sale of metals amounted to $108,970. The mining cost amounted to $1,010,000. About the recycled plastic waste, because there is no market value in the nation, the waste may be sent to the incinerator which is planning to be built to increase the calorific value.
One of the possible benefit in the environment is to reduce the amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases from the landfill. However, since the organic waste excavated will still be buried back to the landfill site after mining, the methane and CO2 gas emissions cannot be avoided. Therefore, this study did not involve the mentioned emissions avoided benefit. In an environmental perspective, the performance of this landfill mining and reclamation programme can provide lots of environmental benefits including the removal of hazardous solid wastes from the landfill site for proper treatment, retrofit of qualified liners and gas-emission collection system to control release of leachate, gases, and odors, etc. Due to various constraints, this study is now to estimate these benefits with difficulty, but in the long-term it sure can exceed the measurable amount of monetary terms.

關鍵字(中)

★ 康納利掩埋場
★ 掩埋場整治
★ 都市廢棄物

關鍵字(英)

★ Conaree
★ Landfill Mining
★ Landfill Reclamation
★ Municipal Solid Waste

論文目次

中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
Acknowledgment iv
CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Study Background 1
1.1.1 Saint Christopher and Nevis 1
1.1.2 Solid Waste Management in St. Kitts 2
1.1.3 Status Quo Of Conaree Landfill 3
1.2 Scope And Objectives 5
1.2.1 Study Purpose And Scope 5
1.2.2 Study Objectives 5
1.3 Motivation 6
1.3.1 Problem Identification of the Conaree Landfill 6
1.3.2 Study Motivation 8
1.4 Study Area 15
1.5 Implications to Saint Kitts 19
CHAPTER 2: Methodology 21
2.1 Data Collection Method 21
2.2 Limitations to Study 27
CHAPTER 3: Literature Review 30
3.1 Past Experiences 31
3.1.1 Landfill Mining in Europe 32
3.1.2 Landfill Mining Projects In North America 37
3.4 Landfill Mining and Reclamation: Risk and Concerns 46
3.4.1 Hazardous and special Waste 46
3.4.2 Emissions and Odour 49
3.4.3 Dust 50
3.4.4 Leachate Management 50
3.4.5 Equipment Failure 51
3.5 Landfill Mining and Reclamation 51
3.5.1 Process and Technology Used 51
3.5.2 Excavation 56
3.5.3 Size Reduction 56
3.5.4 Screening 58
3.5.5 Air Technologies 60
3.5.6 Metal Separation 61
3.5.7 Waste Separation 64
3.6 Cost-Benefit Analysis 65
3.6.1 Assessing the Economic Benefits 67
CHAPTER 4: Saint Kitts Landfill Mining Case study 74
4.1 Potential Cost of Mining the Conaree Landfill 75
4.1.1 Mining Cost 75
4.1.2 Recycling Cost 77
4.2 Potential Revenue of Mining a Landfill 80
4.2.1 Recycling Revenue of Metals 81
4.3 Environmental Benefit of Mining the Conaree Landfill 81
4.4 Economic Benefit of Increasing Void for Landfill 83
CHAPTER 5: Results and Discussion 90
5.1 Estimating the Life of the Landfill 115
5.2 Expected Outcomes 120
CHAPTER 6: Conclusions And Recommendations 127
6.1 Recommendations 127
6.2 Conclusions 128
REFERENCES 131

參考文獻

1. Annexure 17.1. “Estimation of Landfill Capacity, Landfill Height, Landfill Area”. http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/annex17.pdf
2. Bartok Jr., J.W. December, 2004. Approximate Heating Value of Common Fuels. http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/pdf/heating%20value%20of%20common%20fuels.pdf
3. Bhatnagar, A., Kaczala, F., Kriipsalu, M., Hogland M. and Hogland W. 2012. “Closing the Life Cycle of Landfills - Landfill Mining in the Baltic Sea Region for future”, Linnaeus Eco-Tech, Kalmar, Sweden.
4. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. 2010. Principles of Corporate Finance. McGraw Hill, Columbus, OH, p. 998.
5. Bulc, T., Ferfila, N., and Vrhovšek, D. 2004. Sustainable reclamation of landfill sites. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 15(1), 55-61.
6. COOPER, J. 2001. Waste: Striving for a More Sustainable Future. Local Environment, 6(2):109-111.
7. Cossu, R., Hogland, W. and Salerni, E. 1996. Landfill Mining in Europe and USA. ISWA Year Book, International Solid Waste Association (ed), pp 107-114.
8. COVEC. 2007. Recycling: Cost Benefit Analysis Final Report. Ministry for the Environment, Auckland, New Zealand, pp 29 – 32.
9. Daskalopoulos, E., Badr, O., and Probert, S. D. 1998. Municipal solid waste: a prediction methodology for the generation rate and composition in the European Union countries and the United States of America. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 24(2), 155-166.
10. De Cuba, K., Burgos, F., Contreras-Lisperguer, R., and Penny, R. 2008. Limits and potential of Waste-to-Energy systems in the Caribbean. Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Division. Washington, DC: OAS/DSD.
13. Fisher, H., Findlay, D., 1995. Exploring the economics of mining landfills. World Wastes 38, 50–54.
14. Ford, S., Warren, K., Lorton, C., Smithers, R., Read, A. and Hudgins, M. (2013), "Feasibility and Viability of Landfill Mining and Reclamation in Scotland", Final Report, Zero Waste Scotland, http://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk
15. Geusebroek, H.J.K. 2001. Complete removal of two landfills in Veenendaal (NL). T.H. Christensen, R. Cossu, R. Stegman (Eds) Proceedings of Sardinia 91, 8th International Landfill Symposium, CISA Publisher Cagliari Italy, Vol. IV, pp. 561-567.
16. Hansen, B., Sperling, T. 1997. “Land Reclamation at Municipal Landfill Sites”, Sperling Hansen Associates Inc., 1401 Crown St., N. Vancouver, BC V7J 1G4.
17. Hinrichs, R.A., Kleinbach, M. 2011. Energy Its Use and the Environment 5th Edition.
18. Hogland, W., 2002. Remediation of an old landfill: soil analysis, leachate quality and gas production. Environ Science and Pollution Research 1, 49–54.
19. Hogland, W., Marques, M. and Thörneby, L. 1997. “Landfill Mining - Space Saving, Material Recovery and Energy Use”. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Waste Management and the Environment-Establishment of Cooperation Between Nordic Countries and Countries in the Baltic Sea Region, 5-7 November 1997, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden, pp 339- 355.
20. Horth, H. M. 2006. "Assessment of the feasibility of landfill mining in Norfolk". University of East Anglia, Norwich, England.
21. Hull, R.M., Krogmann, U., Asce, M., and Strom, P. 2005. “Composition and Characteristics of Excavated materials from a New Jersey Landfill”, March 2005.
22. ICF International, 2009. “WARM component-specific decay rate methods”, October 30th, 2009. http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/warm/pdfs/WARM_decay_rate_structure_10_30_2009.pdf
23. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2001. Summary for policymakers and technical summary of climate change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of working group Ⅲ to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Bert M. et al. (eds)., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
24. IWCS (Innovative Waste Consulting Services). 2009. “Landfill Reclamation Demonstration Project: Perdido Landfill, Escambia County Neighborhood and Community Services Bureau Division of Solid Waste Management”, Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
25. Jain, P, Kim, H, Townsend, T. 2005. Characterization of Heavy Metals in Soil Reclaimed from a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. Waste Management, 25, 25-35.
26. Jeon, E. J., Bae, S. J., Lee, D. H., Seo, D. C., Chun, S. K., Lee, N. H., and Kim, J. Y. 2007. Methane generation potential and biodegradability of MSW components. Sardinia.
27. Jia, Q., Huang, Y., Al-Ansari, N., and Knutsson, S. Dust Emissions from Landfill due to Deposition of Industrial Waste: A Case Study in Malmberget Mine, Sweden.
28. Joseph, K., Nagendran, R., Palanivelu, K., Thanasekaran, K., and Visvanathan, C. 2004. Dumpsite rehabilitation and landfill mining. CES, Anna University, Chennai, India under ARRPET available on line: http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th
29. Kapur, A., Graedel, T.E. 2006. Copper mines above and below ground. Estimating the stocks of materials in ore, products, and disposal sites opens up new ways to recycle and reuse valuable resources. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3135–3141.
30. Krook, J., Svensson, N., and Eklund, M. 2012. Landfill mining: A critical review of two decades of research. Waste management, 32(3), 513-520.
31. Law, J.H., Goudreau, M., Fawole, A. 2012. “Maximizing Landfill Capacity By Vertical Expansion – A Case Study For An Innovative Waste Management Solution”. SCS Engineers, Mehal Trivedi, Division of Utilities and SWM, Frederick, MD, USA.
32. Lee, G. F. and Jones, R. A. 1990. “Use of Landfill Mining in Solid Waste Management”. In: Proc. Water Quality Management of Landfills, Water Pollution Control Federation, Chicago, IL, p9.
33. Lee, P., Fitzsimons, D., and Parker, D. 2005. Quantification of the Potential Energy from Residuals (EfR) in the UK. Oakdene Hollins Ltd.
34. Lifset, R.J., Gordon, R.B., Graedel, T.E., Spatari, S., Bertram, M. 2002. Where has all the copper gone? JOM 54, 21–26.
35. Markels Jr, M. 1996. U.S. Patent No. 5,564,862. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
36. Müller, D., Wang, T., Duval, B., Graedel, T.E. 2006. Exploring the engine of anthropogenic iron cycles. PNAS 103, 16111–16116.
37. Nelson, H. 1995. “Landfill reclamation projects on the rise”, Biocycle, March 1995, pp 83-84.
38. Organization of American States (OAS), 2011. “Energy Policy and Sector Analysis in the Caribbean (2010-2011).
39. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). 2004. “Regional Evaluation Municipal Solid Waste Management Services: Country Analytical Report St. Kitts and Nevis/Evaluation 2002, http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsars/fulltext/informes/stkitts.pdf
40. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). 2008. “Health Systems Profile, St. Kitts and Nevis: Monitoring and Analyzing Health Systems Change/Reform, https://www.healthresearchweb.org/files/Health_System_Profile-Saint_Kitts_Nevis_2008.pdf
41. Perrée, H. 2001. Kansen en Bedreigingen. Milieumagazine, 8, 28-29.
42. RenoSam, 2009. “Landfill Mining: Process, Feasibility, Economy, Benefits and Limitations”, Denmark, 2009.
43. Rettenberger, G., Urban Kiss, Schneider, R. and Goschl, R. 1995. German Project Reconverts a Sanitary Landfill. Biocycle, June 1995, pp 44-48.
44. Sahely, H., Nettles, S., Burrowes, R., and Haas, G., December 2011. Combining sound science, legal action and stakeholder involvement to protect a vulnerable coastal aquifer on the island of St. Kitts. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 1, p. 1140).
45. Saint Kitts Solid Waste Management Corporation (SWMC). 2013. Box 1280, Taylors Range, Basseterre, St. Kitts.
46. Savage, G.M., Golueke, C.G., von Stein, E.L.1993. Landfill mining: Past and present. Biocycle 34, 58–61.
47. Scarlett, L. 1995. “Solid Waste Recycling Costs: Issues and Answers”; Reason Foundation: Policy Study 193.
48. Stein, Edward L. von, Savage, George M. and Solid Waste Association of North America (1993). “Evaluation of the Collier County, Florida landfill mining demonstration”, USEPA, Cincinnati, EPA/600/R-93/163.
49. Steuteville, Robert.1996. “Composting cost effective in landfill reclamation”, Biocycle, Oct 1996; Vol. 37, No.10; pp. 33.
50. Strange, K. 1998. “Landfill Mining” World Resource Foundation Heath House, High Street, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 (kit@wrf.org.uk). Available from: http://www.cbvcp.com/columbiasd/techpage [accessed May 2003].
51. Strange, K. 1998. “Landfill Mining” World Resource Foundation Heath House, High Street, Tonbridge, Kent TN9.
52. Tammemagi, H. 1996. “Landfill Mining - Lancaster County′s experiment could succeed in Canada” Southam Environment Group, 1450 Don Mills Road Don Mills, ON M3B 2X7, December/ January 1996.
53. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., and Vigil, S. 1993. Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
54. Themelis, N. J., Castaldi, M. J., Bhatti, J., and Arsova, L. (2011). Energy and Economic Value of Non-Recycled Plastics (NRP) and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) That Are Currently Landfilled in the Fifty States. New York, NY: Columbia University.
55. UNFCC (1994). “St. Kitts-Nevis Initial National Communication”. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/kitnc1.pdf
56. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2009. “Converting Waste Plastics to a Resource, Compendium of Technologies”. http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/WastePlasticsEST_Compendium.pdf
57. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2010. “Municipal Solid Waste In the United States: 2009 Facts and Figures, December 2010. pp 35 – 38. http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf
58. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. “Landfill Reclamation”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5306W), EPA530-F-97-001, July 1997.
59. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1997. Landfill Reclamation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5305W) EPA530-F-97-001, July, Washington D.C. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/landfill/land-rcl.pdf
60. Van der Zee, D. J., Achterkamp, MC., de Visser, BJ. 2004. Assessing the market opportunities of landfill mining. Waste Management 24, 795–804.
61. Van Passel, S., Dubois, M., Eyckmans, J., de Gheldere, S., Ang, F., Tom Jones, P., Van Acker, K. 2012. “The economics of enhanced landfill mining: private and societal performance drivers”, Journal of Cleaner Production. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.03.024
62. Van Vossen, W. J. and Prent, O.J. 2011. “Feasibility Study Sustainable Material and Energy Recovery from Landfills in Europe,” Proceedings the 13th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, Italy.
63. Verweil, M., Thrupp, G., Purdy, S., Rogers, S. 2001. “Landfill Expansion beneath the Water Table in Central Arizona”.
64. Visser, B.J. de. 2002. Afvalmining, een essentieel groei-idee?, master thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
65. World Travel and Tourism Council. 2012. “Economic Impact 2012: St. Kitts and Nevis”. http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/st_kitts_and_nevis2012.pdf
66. Zhao, Y., Song, L., Huang, R., Song, L., Li, X., 2007. Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill. Waste Management Research 25, 130–138.

A. Altonmaterials.com, 2013. “Scrap Metal Prices/ Scrap Metal Recycling | Alton Materials. [online] Available at: http://www.altonmaterials.com/price-lists/ [Accessed 2 November, 2014].
B. Cia.gov, 2014. The World Factbook. [online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sc.html [Accessed 15 January, 2014].
C. Dixon, Loshaun. “Conaree Dump Overflows” SKNvibes.com, 29 September 2013. [Online] Available at: http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/79514 [accessed 18 October 2013].
D. Eccb-centralbank.org, 2014. Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Statistics. [online] Available at: http://www.eccb-centralbank.org/Statistics/#cpidata [Accessed 4 Jun. 2014].
E. Jackson, Joe. “Island Blues: A Caribbean Country’s Troubled Experiment with Geothermal Power.” TIME.com, 6 February 2012. [online] Available at: (http://science.time.com/2012/02/06/island-blues-a-caribbean-countrys-troubled-experiment-with-geothermal-power/ [accessed 13 October 2013].
F. Jamaica Gleaner, 2010. “Gov’t clamps down on illegal dumping in St. Kitts- Caribbean.” 8 September 2010. [online] Available at: http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100908/carib/carib1.html [accessed 13 October 2013].
G. Koenig, Seth. “Mining metals from Main Landfills? Burgeoning effort is already worth millions.” Bangor Daily News, 14 March 2014. Web. 15 April 2014.
H. Rateinflation.com, (2014). USA Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) - 2000 to 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/usa-historical-cpi?start-year=2000&end-year=2014 [Accessed 4 Jun. 2014].
I. Indexmundi.com, 2014. Saint Kitts and Nevis Electricity - consumption - Energy. [online] Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis/electricity_consumption.html [Accessed 11 Jun. 2014].

指導教授

廖萬里(Wan-li Liao)

審核日期

2014-7-25

推文