應用雷達差分干涉技術測量印度庫曼南部地表變形

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王維稷(Wei-ji Wang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

地球科學學系

論文名稱

應用雷達差分干涉技術測量印度庫曼南部地表變形
(Application of Radar Interferometry for Measuring the Surface Deformation of Southern Kumaun, India)

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摘要(中)

本研究的研究區域庫曼(Kumaun)位於印度西北部北阿坎德邦(Uttatakhnad Pradesh)的喜馬拉雅山脈(Himalaya)南段。本研究目的為探討由南而北分別為恆河平原(Ganga Plain)、希瓦立克(Siwalik)以及小喜馬拉雅(Lesser Himalaya)地區的地表變形。希瓦立克區域是喜馬拉雅山脈的變形前緣並以HFT (Himalayan Frontal Thrust)為南界，MBT (Main Boundary Thrust)為北界。由於本區域內缺乏大地測量等觀測網，因此主要使用InSAR (Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar, 雷達差分干涉)方法，再搭配在區域內架設的12個移動型GPS (Global Positioning System, 全球衛星定位系統)觀測站以及全站儀來測量區域內的地表變形。使用的影像與觀測時間段分別為EnviSAT衛星2008年至2010以及ALOS衛星2007年至2010年。除此之外，亦使用不同的方法對EnviSAT影像做大氣延遲校正(TRAIN軟體)。本研究中使用ERA模型以及MERIS衛星資料對影像做校正。由於缺乏前人的觀測以及研究，本文的GPS及InSAR資料為本區域內最早的衛星測地結果，並能夠運用於未來做更進一步的研究。結果顯示，雖然本區域極少發生地震事件，但在區域內的一些構造線兩側卻呈現出不同的變形行為。本文提出簡易模型以說明此區域的斷層構造演化：此區域中央高四週低的地形，應是由於右移斷層Garapani-Kathgodam Fault西側區域移動方向與多數逆衝斷層相反，導致此區域沿著Ramgarh Thrust (RT)南緣抬升，LOS速度約10至30 mm / yr；而RT以北的區域下降，LOS速度約-10 mm / yr。由本研究觀測的測地速度做初步判斷，此區域斷層淺部有耦合的可能，在未來有可能孕震。

摘要(英)

The Kumaun area is a part of the Himalayan mountain belt that locates at the Uttarakhand Pradesh, northwest India. In this study I focus on the deformation of "Ganga Plain", "Siwalik" and "Lesser Himalaya" areas, from south to the north. Siwalik is the deformation front of the Himalayan orogene bounded by HFT (Himalayan Frontal Thrust) to the south and MBT (Main Boundary Thrust) to the north. Since there was no geodetic network in this area, our research group installed 12 campaign GPS stations and total station nets in the area. I also used InSAR (Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique to observe surface deformation of this area. I used EnviSAT images from 2008 to 2010 as well as ALOS image from 2007 to 2010 to carry out a series of analysis. Additionally, I also tried some methods (TRAIN software) to correct the atmospheric effect. ERA and MERIS data are used to correct the atmospheric delay in this study. As a result of lacking seismic data and others geodetic measurement in the region, my InSAR and GPS measurements are the first dataset to reveal the different deformation patterns along some geological structures, and can be applied to further reaserches. Despite few seismic events have occured in the area, our observations revealed that some of the areas that nearing the faults have been experiencing obvious deformation during the observation period. I hereby propose a model to interpret the tectonic evolution in Kumaun Himalaya. The highest terrain located in the center of area appears to be caused by the opposite movement between Garapani-Kathgodam Fault (right-lateral fault) and the others thrusts, which make the area in the south of Ramgarh Thrust (RT) uplifted with observed LOS velocities of about 10 to 30mm/yr. Area in the north of RT, on the other hand, is subsiding with a LOS velocity about -10mm/yr. Our geodesy results indicate that the shallow part of faults in study area coupled thus implies a potential of earthquake rupturing in the future.

關鍵字(中)

★ 雷達差分干涉
★ 全球衛星定位系統
★ 大氣延遲
★ 地表變形
★ 喜馬拉雅山
★ 印度

關鍵字(英)

★ InSAR
★ GPS
★ Atmospheric delay
★ Surface deformation
★ Himalaya
★ India

論文目次

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 前人研究概況 2
地質調查 2
雷達差分干涉測量 3
1.3 論文內容簡介 3
第一章附圖 4

第二章區域地質背景 9
2.1 喜馬拉雅山整體構造及地質 9
地形概況 9
地質與地層 10
1.希瓦立克 (Siwalik)地質 11
2.小喜馬拉雅 (Lesser Himalaya)地質 11
3.大喜馬拉雅 (Greater Himalaya)地質 12
4.特提斯喜馬拉雅 (Thethys Himalaya)地質 12
大型活動斷層 13
1. HFT(Himalaya Frontal Thrust) 13
2. MBT(Main Boundary Thrust) 13
3. MCT(Main Central Thrust) 13
4. STD(South Tibet Detachment) 13
2.2 研究區域構造及地質 14
地形概況 14
地質與地層 14
區域活動斷層 15
1. HFT(Himalaya Frontal Thrust) 15
2. MBT(Main Boundary Thrust) 15
3. G-KF(Garapani-Kathgodam Fault) 16
4. RT(Ramgarh Thrust) 16
5. AT(Almora Thrust) 16
6. PF(Pawalgarh Fault) 16
7. DT(Dhlkala Thrust) 17
第二章附圖 18

第三章 InSAR研究方法與流程 24
3.1雷達差分干涉技術原理介紹 24
3.2雷達差分干涉技術資料處理流程 (StaMPS) 27
第一部分：前處理 (Pre-processing) 27
第二部分：生成干涉圖與DInSAR (Create interferograms and DInSAR) 28
第三部分：相位分析與PSInSAR (Phase analysis and PSInSAR) 29
3.3 GPS資料處理 32
3.4全站儀資料處理 32
第三章附圖 33

第四章資料處理結果 46
4.1 雷達影像取得與處理 46
影像來源及參數 46
影像處理結果 46
EnviSAT結果 47
ALOS結果 49
4.2 EnviSAT影像的大氣修正 50
4.3 GPS資料處理成果 51
4.4全站儀資料處理成果 52
第四章附圖 53

第五章綜合討論 85
5.1 PSInSAR影像品質討論 85
EnviSAT與ALOS影像討論 85
MERIS的大氣修正討論 85
5.2 MERIS與ERA聯合大氣修正結果 87
5.3 區域內GPS與全站儀測量結果與PSInSAR的比較 88
GPS測站 88
Total Station全站儀 88
5.4 地表變形與活動斷層討論 89
斷層活動行為與前人研究討論 91
第五章附圖 94
第六章結論與未來工作 116
參考文獻 117

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指導教授

張中白、張午龍(Chung-pai Chang Wu-lung Chang)

審核日期

2016-1-28

推文