2014年鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子短時間動態變化特性

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蔡承佑(Chen-Yu Tsai) 查詢紙本館藏

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2014年鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子短時間動態變化特性
(Short-term dynamic variations of aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions at Mountain Lulin in 2014)

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摘要(中)

本文於2014年春季在鹿林山背景觀測站(以下簡稱為鹿林山，2,862 m)以即時氣膠水溶性監測儀(Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler coupled to an Ion Chromatograph, PILS-IC)監測PM2.5氣膠水溶性無機離子(WSIIs)，並收集測站監測的PM2.5、PM10氣膠質量濃度、PM10、PM1氣膠散光及吸光係數、氣膠粒徑分布、氣膠總數目、氣體污染物動態變化。
鹿林山正好位於盛行西風下風處，適合觀測春季中南半島生質燃燒煙團及亞洲大陸污染傳輸。本文監測不同污染事件短時間氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化，同時評估大氣SO2與NH3溶解在雲霧中形成的WSIIs濃度，以瞭解雲霧中未被活化和霧珠中氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化。
當鹿林山逆推軌跡來源為自由大氣，各項污染物濃度都很低。NH4+、NO3-、SO42和K+分別為0.1 ± 0.4、0.2 ± 0.4、0.7 ± 0.7和0.0 ± 0.0 μg m-3，應可代表東亞大氣在生質燃燒好發期間乾淨背景大氣的WSIIs濃度。然而當受到生質燃燒影響時，CO、PM2.5質量濃度、PM1綠光散光、吸光係數都有增高現象。NH4+、NO3-、SO42和K+分別達到1.9 ± 1.5、1.0 ± 1.0、3.6 ± 2.9和0.2 ± 0.2 μg m-3高濃度。從無機離子相關性分析，顯示這些氣膠化合物型態以硫酸銨、硝酸銨為主。
當發生雲霧事件時，CO、NOx有隨時間上升的趨勢，NH4+、NO3-、SO42-無機離子濃度明顯上升，觀測結果雲霧多為山下氣流抬升形成。NH4+與SO42-有中高程度相關性(R2>0.64)，推論這兩種無機離子結合型態可能為硫酸銨或硫酸氫銨。從ExNO3-與ExNH4+計算判斷NO3-生成機制，發現在不同時段分別有HNO3(g) 凝結在氣膠、N2O5水解以及硝酸銨氣膠(Mwaniki et al., 2014)。另外發現微粒粒徑分布的眾數粒徑在雲霧中有由小逐漸變大的傾向，顯示雲霧中有氣膠膠凝成長的現象。
本文使用PILS-IC量測的SO42-和NH4+以及假設大氣SO2和NH3與霧珠中溶解的SO42-和NH4+達成平衡，計算DIGMI (Dissolved Gas over Measured Ions)值。SO2在一般雲霧中DIGMI值大多接近1.0，顯示有不錯的氣體轉化現象，然而受到生質燃燒煙團影響的雲霧中會有大量氣膠使DIGMI值低於1.0或SO2溶於霧珠中使DIGMI值遠大於1.0。NH3方面，不管是否受到生質燃燒煙團影響，雲霧事件中平均DIGMI值都大於1.0，代表NH3在霧珠中溶解度高。

摘要(英)

This work monitored short-term variations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) of atmospheric PM2.5 using Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler coupled with an Ion Chromatograph (PILS-IC) at the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS, 2,862 m a.s.l.) in spring 2014. In addition, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations, PM10 and PM1.0 scattering and absorption coefficients, aerosol size spectra, aerosol total number concentration, and dynamic variations of gaseous pollutants were also monitored at LABS.
Under prevailing westerly, LABS is a proper site for observing transported biomass burning (BB) smoke and Asian continent pollution due to its downstream location of the air masses transported from Southeast Asia. In this study, short-term dynamic variations of WSIIs were observed during different pollution events. Meanwhile, formations of WSIIs from dissolved atmospheric SO2 and NH3 in fog were evaluated to investigate dynamic variations of WSIIs in inactivated aerosol and fog droplets during fog.
All pollutant levels were very low when backward trajectories were originated from free atmosphere. The concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, SO42, and K+ were 0.1 ± 0.4, 0.2 ± 0.4, 0.7 ± 0.7, and 0.0 ± 0.0 μg m-3, respectively, which may represent clean atmospheric background of East Asia during extensive BB period. In contrast, CO, PM2.5 mass level, PM1 green scattering and absorption coefficients were all enhanced when affected by the transported BB smoke. The corresponding concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, SO42, and K+ were 1.9 ± 1.5, 1.0 ± 1.0, 3.6 ± 2.9, and 0.2 ± 0.2 μg m-3, respectively. From linear correlation analyses of these chemical components, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate are their possible compound forms.
The levels of CO, NOx, NH4+, SO42-, and NO3- were observed to increase with time during fog event periods at LABS. It suggests that ground-level pollutants were transported by the uplift flow to form fog at LABS. Moderately high linear correlation between SO42- and NH4+ (R2>0.64) indicated that the compound form of these two ions might be ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate. From the calculation of ExNO3- and ExNH4+, three nitrate formation pathways (Mwaniki, et al., 2014) can be inferred to be condensed HNO3(g) onto aerosol surface, N2O5 hydrolysis, or the formation of ammonium nitrate particles in different times. Moreover, the modal diameter of aerosol size spectra was gradually increased in the fog events which showed a coagulation growth of aerosol in the fog.
A value of DIGMI (Dissolved Gas over Measured Ions) was calculated from measured SO42- and NH4+ concentrations by PILS-IC and the dissolved SO42- and NH4+ concentrations in fog droplets in equilibrium with atmospheric SO2 and NH3. The DIGMI values of SO2 were mostly close to 1.0 during normal fog events indicating good gas dissolution. However, the DIGIMI values varied greatly when affected by the transported BB smoke. For NH3, the mean DIGIMI values were both greater than 1.0 with/without an effect of the transported BB smoke implying a good dissolution of NH3 in fog droplets.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣膠水溶性無機離子短時間動態變化
★ 長程傳輸生質燃燒煙團影響下氣膠化學特性
★ 雲霧事件氣膠化學特性
★ PILS-IC

關鍵字(英)

★ Short-term dynamic variations of aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions
★ aerosol chemical properties affected by long-range biomass burning smoke
★ aerosol chemical properties in fog events
★ PILS-IC

論文目次

摘要 .................................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii
致謝 ................................................................................................................................. v
目錄 ................................................................................................................................ vi
圖目錄 ............................................................................................................................ ix
表目錄 .......................................................................................................................xxvii
第一章、前言 ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 研究緣起 ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 研究目的 ........................................................................................................ 2
第二章、文獻回顧 ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 氣膠水溶性無機離子 .................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 氣膠中和狀況與結合型態 ................................................................. 5
2.2 高山地區氣膠 ................................................................................................ 6
2.2.1 雲霧事件氣膠特性 ............................................................................. 6
2.3 生質燃燒 ........................................................................................................ 8
2.3.1 生質燃燒行為排放氣體 ..................................................................... 8
2.3.2 生質燃燒水溶性氣膠特性 ................................................................. 8
2.3.3 生質燃燒氣膠光學特性 ..................................................................... 9
2.4 氣膠水溶性無機離子連續監測儀器 .......................................................... 10
2.4.1 濕式前驅氣體分離器 ....................................................................... 10
2.4.2 即時氣膠水溶性無機離子監測儀器 ............................................... 11
2.5 氣體溶解度 .................................................................................................. 13
2.5.1 二氧化硫(SO2)溶解度 ...................................................................... 13
2.5.2 氨氣(NH3)溶解度 ............................................................................. 15
第三章、研究方法 ....................................................................................................... 16
3.1 研究架構 ...................................................................................................... 16
3.2 採樣地點與採樣週期 .................................................................................. 17
3.3 採樣設備與方法 .......................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 手動採樣器 ....................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 採樣濾紙前處理與設置 ................................................................... 20
3.4 大氣氣膠連續監測系統 .............................................................................. 24
3.4.1 即時氣膠水溶性離子層析儀 ........................................................... 24
3.4.2 自動監測儀器 ................................................................................... 26
3.4.3 NOAA氣膠觀測系統....................................................................... 27
3.4.4 積分式散光儀(Integrating Nephelometer) ....................................... 28
3.4.5 微粒碳吸收光度計(PSAP) ............................................................... 31
3.4.6 粒徑分布監測系統 ........................................................................... 35
3.4.7 其他連續監測儀器 ........................................................................... 38
3.5 氣流軌跡模式(NOAA HYSPLIT) ............................................................... 39
第四章、結果與討論 ................................................................................................... 40
4.1 鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化 ...................................................... 40
4.1.1 鹿林山手動採樣與PILS-IC PM2.5氣膠水溶性無機離子比對 ...... 40
4.1.2 鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化時間序列 ........................... 43
4.1.3 生質燃燒及雲霧事件辨識方法 ....................................................... 49
4.1.4 不同氣流來向軌跡分類與鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化 ....................................................................................................................... 54
4.2 鹿林山生質燃燒煙團傳輸氣體和氣膠成分動態變化 .............................. 57
4.2.1 第一次生質燃燒事件(3月7日至3月8日) ................................. 57
4.2.2 第二次生質燃燒事件(3月9日至3月11日) ............................... 71
4.2.3 第三次生質燃燒事件(3月15日至3月19日) ............................. 82
4.2.4 第四次生質燃燒事件(3月29日至3月30日) ............................. 95
4.2.5 第五次生質燃燒事件(4月1日至4月2日) ............................... 107
4.2.6 彙整鹿林山生質燃燒事件氣體資料與氣膠動態特性 ................. 119
4.3 鹿林山雲霧事件氣膠動態變化 ................................................................ 125
4.3.1 第一次雲霧事件(2014年3月14日至3月15日) ..................... 126
4.3.2 第二次雲霧事件(2014年3月28日) ........................................... 136
4.3.3 第三次雲霧事件(2014年4月14日至4月15日) ..................... 147
4.3.4 彙整鹿林山雲霧事件氣體資料與氣膠動態特性 ......................... 158
4.4 探討鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子成分與氣體成分比值 ........................ 166
4.4.1 鹿林山不同污染事件氣膠水溶性無機離子成分與氣體成分差異比較 ............................................................................................................. 170
4.5 可溶性氣體於雲霧中溶解情況 ................................................................ 174
4.5.1 DIGMI值敏感度分析 .................................................................... 178
4.5.2 雲霧事件實例計算 ......................................................................... 182
4.5.3 彙整鹿林山雲霧事件氣體溶解情況 ............................................. 192
第五章、結論與建議 ................................................................................................. 195
5.1 結論 ............................................................................................................ 195
5.2 建議 ............................................................................................................ 198
第六章、參考文獻 ..................................................................................................... 199
附錄一、2014年3月1日至4月15日鹿林山觀測期間逆推軌跡圖 .................. 209
附錄二、2014年3月1日至4月15日鹿林山觀測期間火點圖 .......................... 221
附錄三、口試委員意見與答覆 ................................................................................. 226

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2016-7-26

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