利用固相反應法與電鍍法製備鈣鈦礦太陽能電池之研究

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鄭皓謙(Hao-Chien Cheng) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

利用固相反應法與電鍍法製備鈣鈦礦太陽能電池之研究
(Investigation of Solid State Reaction and Electrodeposition Process for Perovskite Solar Cell)

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摘要(中)

本研究主旨為開發鈣鈦礦太陽能電池無毒製程。此想法始於配製一步驟旋塗法的鈣鈦礦前驅液時，發現PbI2粉末與CH3NH3I粉末於常溫下混合時可以直接反應成鈣鈦礦。因此本研究藉由控制CH3NH3I粉末與PbI2薄膜的反應時間，來探討固相反應的可行性與成膜性質，並可避免使用有毒溶劑。經過材料晶體、表面形貌及元件光電性質的分析，並加入熱退火程序優化CH3NH3PbI3鈣鈦礦膜，發展出無毒溶劑之乾式反應鈣鈦礦膜製程，並用於鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中。在p-i-n結構的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中，蒸鍍PbI2搭配固相CH3NH3I反應製備小電池的光電轉換效率可達15.26%，5cm × 5cm之次模組效率可達11.16%。在n-i-p結構的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中，以固相反應搭配旋塗製備之PbI2層，其小電池效率達17.74%¬，5cm × 5cm次模組可達12.27%，進一步再放大面積，製作10cm × 10cm次模組，效率達6%。
另一方面，本研究以電鍍沉積方式製備PbO與PbO2膜，再與CH3NH3I反應成CH3NH3PbI3鈣鈦礦膜，並探討CH3NH3I濃度對於電鍍製程之鈣鈦礦層的結晶與形貌影響以及用於鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的性能差異。在CH3NH3I濃度探討中得到最佳濃度為10mg/ml，其在搭配電鍍製備PbO製程與PbO2製程的電池光電轉化效率分別達到11.72%與11.05%。其中，以低濃度CH3NH3I溶液反應的鈣鈦礦結晶較大，而在高濃度CH3NH3I溶液反應時，因為會有回溶再結晶之現象，因此可以降低鈣鈦礦層的粗糙度。最後，將電鍍之PbO與PbO2膜層結合CH3NH3I固相反應，所製備之鈣鈦礦太陽能電池光電轉換效率分別可達9.15%與8.33%。

摘要(英)

The abstract of this study is developing non-toxic perovskite solar cells fabrication process. We found that Pbl2 and CH3NH3I powder can react and form perovskite directly at room temperature. Therefore, we can investigate the feasibility of solid state reaction and film forming properties by controlling the reaction time of CH3NH3I powder and PBI2 film. In addition, toxic solvent is less needed in this process. By analyzing materials crystalline, surface morphology and photoelectric characteristics and optimizing the thermal annealing process, we are able to develop non-toxic dry process to form perovskite and apply to solar cells. In p-i-n type structure solar cells, fabricated by vapor deposited PbI2 with solid state reacted CH3NH3I, power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small size cells and 5cm × 5cm sub-modules is up to 15.26 % and 11.16 %. On the other hand, in n-i-p type structure solar cells, fabricated by spin coated PbI2 with solid state reacted CH3NN3I, PCE of small size cells and 5cm × 5cm sub-modules is up to 17.74 % and 12.27 %, respectively. Further, PCE approach to 6% when we enlarges the solar cells area to 10cm × 10cm sub-modules.
On the other hand, this study use electroplating deposition method to fabricate PbO and PbO2 film, then react with CH3NH3I to form CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin film. We investigate the effect of CH3NH3I concentration in electroplating process with the morphology influences and the performance of perovskite solar cells. The optimized CH3NH3I concentration is 10 mg/ml. The PCE of solar cells by PbO and PbO2 fabrication process is 11.72 % and 11.05 %. In low CH3NH3I concentration fabrication process, larger perovskite grain size can be observed. Yet, in high CH3NH3I concentration fabrication process, CH3NH3I will re-dissolve and reduce the roughness of perovskite. In the final stage, the electroplated PbO and PbO2 thin film based perovskite solar cells through solid state reaction process can reach the efficiency of 9.15 % and 8.33 %, respectively, under 100 mW/cm2 (AM1.5G).

關鍵字(中)

★ 鈣態礦
★ 太陽能電池

關鍵字(英)

★ Perovskite
★ Solar Cells

論文目次

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
謝誌　　 III
目錄　　 IV
圖目錄　 VIII
表目錄　 XIV
第一章緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 太陽能電池種類介紹 3
1.2.1 無機太陽能電池 4
1.2.2 有機太陽能電池 5
1.3 文獻回顧 8
1.3.1 鈣鈦礦 (Perovskite)的起源 8
1.3.2 n-i-p結構之鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 9
1.3.3 p-i-n結構之鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 14
1.3.4 影響鈣鈦礦薄膜形貌的因素 15
1.3.5 鈣鈦礦薄膜的沉積技術 23
1.4 研究動機 29
1.4.1 固相反應(Solid-Solid Reaction) 29
1.4.2 電鍍沉積技術(electrodeposition) 30
第二章實驗步驟 31
2.1 實驗藥品及儀器 31
2.2 儀器分析原理 35
2.2.1 太陽光模擬器 (Solar Simulator , YSS-50A) 35
2.2.2 光激發螢光光譜儀 (Photoluminescence, PL, UniRAM)、時間解析之螢光光譜儀 ( Time-resolved photoluminescence spectrometer) 35
2.2.3 紫外光/可見光光譜儀 (UV/VIS Spectrophotometer , Hitachi U-4100) 36
2.2.4 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 37
2.2.5 X光繞射儀 (X-Ray Diffractometer , BRUKER ) 37
2.2.6 原子力顯微鏡 (Atomic Force Microscope, AFM, SEIKO E-sweep System) 38
2.2.7 熱蒸鍍鍍膜系統 (thermal evaporation deposition) 39
2.3 鈣鈦礦材料的製備 40
2.3.1 甲基胺碘(CH3NH3I)合成 40
2.3.2 PbI2溶液配置 40
2.3.3 TiO2緻密層溶液配置 41
2.3.4 TiO2多孔層溶液配置 41
2.3.5 電子傳輸層(PC61BM)溶液配置 42
2.3.6 電洞傳輸層(Spiro-OMeTAD)溶液配置 42
2.3.7 PbO電解液配置 42
2.3.8 PbO2電解液配置 42
2.3.9 HI溶液配置 42
2.3.10 CH3NH3I溶液配置 43
2.4 鈣鈦礦太陽能電池製備方法 43
2.4.1 固相反應法 44
2.4.2 電鍍沉積法 49
第三章結果與討論(一) 固相反應法製備鈣鈦礦膜 52
3.1 鈣鈦礦薄膜觀察與分析 52
3.1.1 材料結構分析(X-Ray Diffractometer) 53
3.1.2 表面形貌分析(SEM, AFM) 54
3.1.3 薄膜光電性質分析 58
3.2 太陽能電池效率表現 61
3.2.1 p-i-n結構電池 62
3.2.2 n-i-p結構電池 66
第四章結果與討論(二) CH3NH3I濃度與電鍍法製備之PbO/ PbO2的反應影響 73
4.1 PbO與PbO2膜之觀察與分析 73
4.2 鈣鈦礦薄膜特性分析 74
4.2.1 材料結構分析(X-Ray Diffractometer) 74
4.2.2 表面形貌分析(SEM, AFM) 76
4.2.3 薄膜光電性質分析 78
4.3 太陽能電池效率表現 81
第五章結果與討論(三) 電鍍製程結合固相反應法之研究 83
5.1 鈣鈦礦薄膜觀察與分析 83
5.1.1 材料結構分析(X-Ray Diffractometer) 84
5.1.2 表面形貌分析(SEM, AFM) 85
5.1.3 薄膜光電性質分析 86
5.2 太陽能電池效率表現 88
第六章結論 90
第七章參考文獻 92

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指導教授

張博凱

審核日期

2017-7-18

推文