Cultural Orientation and Acculturation: An Exploration of Measures of Cultural Orientation and Interplay of Factors Involved in Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Swazi Sojourners in Taiwan

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何安朵(Nothando Sithulile Nkambule) 查詢紙本館藏

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認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

(Cultural Orientation and Acculturation: An Exploration of Measures of Cultural Orientation and Interplay of Factors Involved in Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Swazi Sojourners in Taiwan)

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摘要(中)

近期的研究提出文化的概念不僅是多維的，也是動態的。儘管有這些研究結果，目前的研究對於文化確切的概念化及量測仍然相當缺乏。本研究企圖研究兩種文化概念的概念化及量測，亦即文化取向和涵化 (文化適應)。研究一探討兩種文化取向的外顯式量測方法(自陳式量表 self-report scale 及情景量表 scenario scale) 之間的收斂效度，以及該兩種外顯量測與一種內隱式量測(IC-IAT) 之間的收斂效度。本研究亦探討從IC-IAT 檢測出不同程度的個人主義者和集體主義者之大腦神經反應是否有顯著差異。研究二探討各種涵化因素之間的關係，並且使用動態建構主義方法調查外籍學生的文化取向是否改變。雖然自陳式量表顯示參與者皆為集體主義者，但情景量表和IC-IAT 則指出參與者在個人主義上的得分高於在集體主義上的得分。不幸的是，這種差異並沒有在大腦的神經反應上顯示出來。在自陳式報告量表，情景量表和IC-IAT 的結果差異可用二種模式解釋。逃避應對策略解釋了文化壓力適應，壓力感知，身體壓力症狀和謹慎性之間的關係。然而，使用動態建構主義方法在國際學生的文化取向上沒有表示顯著的改變。

摘要(英)

Recent findings suggest that cultural constructs are not only multidimensional but are also dynamic. Despite these findings, there is still scant attention being paid to updating our current apprehension and assessment of cultural concepts. This study sought to investigate the conceptualization and assessment of two cultural constructs, namely cultural orientation and acculturation. Using a multidimensional approach, study 1 examined the convergence validity first between two cultural orientation explicit measures (self-report and scenario scale) and then between those two explicit measures and an implicit measure (IC-IAT). We also investigated whether the differences in the level of endorsement of individualism and collectivism detected by the IC-IAT were reflected at the neural level. Study 2 examined the relationship among various acculturation factors and used the dynamic constructivist approach to investigate whether the cultural orientation of Sojourners changes as a function of the host or heritage culture icons priming. While the self-report scale showed that participants were collectivists, the scenario scale and IC-IAT reflected that the participants endorsed more individualist values than collectivist values. Unfortunately, this difference was not reflected on the neural level. The discrepancies in self-reporting scales, scenario scales, and IC-IAT results can be explained using two models. Among the acculturation factors, demographic and personal characteristics were predictors of acculturation style and outcomes. Avoidant coping strategy explained the relationship between cultural adaptation stress, perceived stress, physical stress symptoms and conscientiousness. However, changes in cultural orientation of Sojourners as a function of the host or heritage culture icons priming were not significantly different. Our results contribute to literature by extending the scope of the current research to include understudied population.

關鍵字(中)

★ 個人主義
★ 集體主義
★ 涵化

關鍵字(英)

★ Individualism
★ Collectivism
★ Acculturation

論文目次

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract. ii
Table of Contents . iii
List of Figures . viii
List of Tables .. ix
Overview of the thesis 1
Study 1 . 4
Literature Review . 4
1.1-Individualism and Collectivism .. 4
1.2-Origins on Individualism and Collectivism .. 5
1.3-Conceptualization of Individualism-Collectivism.. 6
1.4-Measuring Cultural Orientation .. 8
1.4.1-Explicit and Implicit Measures 10
1.4.2-Comparison Between Explicit Measures and Explicit Measures .. 11
1.4.3-The Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Measures. 14
1.4.3.1-Interacting System- Mode Model 15
1.4.3.2-Dissociation System - Dual Attitude Theory. 17
1.4.3.3-Structural Fit . 17
1.4.4-Current Cultural Orientation Measures 19
1.4.5-New Cultural Orientation Measure . 21
1.4.5.1-IC-IAT structure considerations 24
1.4.5.2-Cultural Orientation Measures and Event Related Potential .. 25
Study 1: Section 1: Methods. 27
2.1- Overview.. 27
2.2 -Samples’ Cultural Orientation .. 28
2.3 -Participants 30
2.4 -Measures .. 31
2.5-Data analysis .. 33
Results . 34
3.1- HV-IC Self-Report or Attitude Scale 34
3.1.1- Within Group Cultural Orientation. 34
3.1.2-Between Group Cultural Orientation . 35
3.2- HV-IC Scenario Scale.. 36
3.2.1-Within Group Cultural Orientation.. 37
3.2.2- Between Group Cultural Orientation. 37
3.3- Comparing HV-IC Self-Report and Scenario Scales. 39
Discussion .. 41
4.1-Cultural Orientation- HV-IC Self-Report Scale. 41
4.2-Cultural Orientation- HV-IC Scenario Scale 41
4.3-Relationship Between the Two Explicit Measures 42
Study 1: Section 2 . 50
5.1-Overview of the Study .. 50
5.2-Pilot Study Methods 51
5.2.1-Participants .. 51
5.2.2-Measures .. 52
5.2.3-Experiment Procedure 53
5.2.4-Data Analysis . 56
5.2.5-Results 58
5.2.6-Discussion. 61
5.3- Overview of the Main Study.. 64
5.3.1-Participants .. 67
5.3.2-Measures .. 67
5.3.3-Procedure . 68
5.3.4-EEG Recording and Setup .. 70
Results . 70
6.1-HV-IC Cultural Orientation Self –Report Scale Results . 70
6.2-HV-IC Cultural Orientation Scenario Scale Results . 71
6.3-Individualism Collectivism-Implicit Association Test (IC-IAT).. 72
6.4-Relationship Between Cultural Orientation Measures………………….. 73
6.5-ERP Results 74
Discussion .. 76
Study 2 . 85
Study 2: Section 1 . 85
Literature Review.. 85
1.1-Acculturation . 87
1.1.1 -Antecedent Variables 88
1.1.2-Acculturation Orientation or Style . 89
1.1.3-Acculturation Outcomes . 90
1.2-Relationship Among Acculturation Factors 90
Methods 99
2.1-Participants . 99
2.2-Measures . 100
2.3-Data analysis 106
Results . 108
3.1-Relationship Among Acculturation Factors 109
3.2-Mediation and moderation .. 118
3.3-Cultural Orientation and Acculturation. 120
Discussion .. 122
4.1-Relationship Between Antecedent Variables and Acculturation Style. 123
4.2-Relationship Between Antecedent Variables and Psychological Outcomes.126
4.2.1-Life Satisfaction stress . 127
4.2.1-Acculturative stress, perceived stress and physical symptoms of Stress ..128
4.3-Acculturation and Cultural Orientation 130
Study 2: Section 2 Methods 132
5.1-Overview .. 132
5.2-Participants .. 136
5.3-Measures .. 137
5.4-Procedure . 138
Results . 140
Discussion .. 141
Overall Discussion and Conclusion 144
References . 171
Appendices 202

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指導教授

段正仁(Jeng-Ren Duann)

審核日期

2018-10-15

推文