Characterization of Stellar and Substellar Members in the Coma Berenices Star Cluster

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：103

、訪客IP：3.137.180.122

姓名

湯士昀(Shih-Yun Tang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

物理學系

論文名稱

Characterization of Stellar and Substellar Members in the Coma Berenices Star Cluster
(Characterization of Stellar and Substellar Members in the Coma Berenices Star Cluster)

相關論文

★ 金牛座分子雲外圍之年輕恆星	★ 濃密分子雲核中的紅外源
★ 球狀星團NGC288的運動狀態	★ 利用2微米巡天觀測（2MASS）資料庫分析疏散星團之空間結構
★ 中美掩星計畫的光度資料分析	★ 薔薇星雲中的X射線源
★ 銀河系球狀星團 M13 之中頻寬 CCD 光度測量及其恆星組成	★ 毫米與次毫米波段的大質量恆星形成
★ 中美掩星計劃的掩星偵測和星場選擇	★ 晚期恆星之環星物質的結構研究
★ 利用二微米巡天觀測(2MASS)資料以恆星計數方法分析銀盤結構	★ 豺狼三分子雲中的年輕星球
★ 塵粒成長對原行星盤能譜分佈演化之作用	★ Identification of Herbig Ae/Be Starsin Open Clusters
★ OB星協裡的中低質量星球的形成	★ 船底座星雲之多波段研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

我們使用兩微米巡天觀測（2MASS）、UKIRT深紅外巡天觀測（UKIDSS）、美國海軍天文台動力學觀測（URAT1）、和蓋雅太空巡天觀測（{it Gaia} DR,2）的光度和動力學資料來篩選最完整的后髮星團（Coma Berenices）成員。那些擁有{it Gaia} DR,2 視差測量資料的成員星提供了最可靠的星團距離資訊，后髮星團距離我們約 86.7~pc（彌散程度約有 7.1~pc），估測其年齡為八億年（$800$~Myr），大於前人所給出的四億到六億年。我們的研究在離星團中心半徑五度的空間中辨認了 192 顆成員星，在基於統計上估算出的場星污染數目的調整後，我們認為后髮星團約有 146 顆成員星。這些成員的亮度分佈為 $Jsim3$~mag 到 $sim17.5$~mag，相當於 2.3~$M_sun$ 到 0.06~$M_sun$（太陽質量）。此星團包括了九顆棕矮星，其中有三顆為首次發現，光譜型態分別是 M8、L1 以及 L4，這項發現拓展了我們對這個星團最暗成員星的認知。

另外我們運用 extsc{StarGO} 這個群聚分析程式研究 {it Gaia} DR,2 的視差與自行運動資料，發現了后髮星團的兩條潮汐尾，這兩條各自延伸約 $50$~pc 的尾巴乃前人所沒發現。后髮星團的成員總質量為 $sim112^{+5}_{-3},
m{M_sun}$，其成員星的質量分佈（mass function）在質量區間 $0.25$~$M_sun$ 到 $2.51~{
m M_sun}$ 裡的 $alpha$ 值約為 $0.79pm0.16$（$dN/dm = m^{-alpha}$）。此星團在 $sim$6.9~pc 的星團潮汐半徑內有 77 顆成員星，這些星的平均座標為 R.A.= 186.8110~deg 和 decl.= 25.8112~deg，另外則有 120 顆成員星在潮汐半徑以外，潮汐半徑外的星數遠大於潮汐半徑內星數，表示此星團正在瓦解。

摘要(英)

We have identified stellar and substellar members in the nearby star cluster Coma Berenices,
using photometry, proper motions, and distances of a combination of 2MASS, UKIDSS, URAT1,
and {it Gaia} DR,2 data. Those with {it Gaia} DR,2 parallax measurements provide the most
reliable sample to constrain the distance, averaging 86.7~pc with a dispersion 7.1~pc, and the
age $sim800$~Myr, of the cluster. This age is older than the 400--600~Myr commonly adopted
in the literature. Our analysis, complete within $5degr$ of the cluster radius, leads to identification
of 192 candidates, among which, after field contamination is considered, about 148 are true members.
The members have $Jsim3$~mag to $sim17.5$~mag, corresponding to stellar masses 2.3--0.06~M$_sun$.
Our list contains nine substellar members, including three new discoveries of an M8, an L1 and an L4
brown dwarfs, extending from the previously known coolest members of late-M types to even cooler types. \

We also report the discovery of tidal structures around the Coma Berenices by only using the {it Gaia} DR,2
parallax and proper motion data on searching the spatial and kinematic grouping signature with a clustering
analysis tool, extsc{StarGO}. A leading and a trailing tails, each with an extension of $sim50$~pc are revealed
for the first time around this disrupting star cluster. The cluster members,
totaling to $sim112^{+5}_{-3},
m{M_sun}$, are clearly mass segregated, and exhibit a flat mass function with
$alpha sim 0.79pm0.16$, in the sense of $dN/dm = m^{-alpha}$, where $N$ is the number of member stars
and $m$ is stellar mass, in the mass range of $m=0.25$--$2.51~{
m M_sun}$. Within the tidal radius of
$sim$6.9~pc, there are 77 member candidates with an average position, i.e., as the cluster center, of
R.A.= 186.8110~deg, and decl.= 25.8112~deg, and an average distance of 85.8~pc. Additional 120 member
candidates reside in the tidal structures, i.e., outnumbering those in the cluster core.

關鍵字(中)

★ 星團
★ 潮汐尾
★ 后髮星團
★ 星團動力學

關鍵字(英)

★ open clusters and associations
★ Coma Berenices
★ stars: evolution
★ stars: kinematics and dynamics

論文目次

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Star Cluster 1
1.2 Coma Ber 3
1.3 Outline 4
2 Archival Data 5
2.1 Archival Data for Distance 5
2.2 Archival Data for Proper Motion and Photometry 6
3 Member of Coma Ber Star Cluster 9
3.1 Evolved Members 10
3.2 Bright Members 11
3.3 Faint Members 16
3.4 Brown Dwarf Members 19
3.5 Follow-up Spectroscopy 24
3.6 Discussion 27
3.6.1 Age of Coma Ber 27
3.6.2 The Shape and Size of the Cluster 28
3.6.3 The Statistical Sample and Size of Members 30
3.6.3.1 Luminosity Function and Mass Function 31
3.6.3.2 Dynamical Status 34
4 Pure Gaia DR2 Study on Coma Ber 35
4.1 Input Data 35
4.2 Structure identification 28
4.3 the Shape and Size of Coma ber 40
4.4 Discussion 44
4.4.1 Mass Function 44
4.4.2 Tidal Radii 46
5 Summary 47
A Coma Ber Member Candidates 53
B Photometric Spectral Typing and Distance 73
C Coordinates System Definitions 81

參考文獻

ibitem[Abt(2008)]{abt08}
Abt, H. 2008, apjs, 176, 216

ibitem[Alam et al.(2015)]{ala15}
Alam, S., Albareti, F.~D., Allende Prieto, C., et al. 2015, apjs, 219, 12

ibitem[Allard et al.(2012)]{all12}
Allard, F., Homeier, D., & Freytag, B. 2012, Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London Series A, 370, 2765 % Dusty

ibitem[Colladet et al.(2007)]{col07}
Colladet, K., Fourier, S., Cleij, T.~J., et al. 2007, Macromolecules, 40, 65.

ibitem[Argue & Kenworthy(1969)]{arg69}
Argue, A.~N., & Kenworthy, C.~M. 1969, mnras, 146, 479

ibitem[Artyukhina & Kholopov(1966)]{art66}
Artyukhina, N.~M., & Kholopov, P.~N. 1966, sovast, 10, 448

ibitem[Astropy Collaboration et al.(2013)]{ast13}
Astropy Collaboration, Robitaille, T.~P., Tollerud, E.~J., et al. 2013, aap, 558, A33

ibitem[Astropy Collaboration et al.(2018)]{ast18}
Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A.~M., Sip{H o}cz, B.~M., et al. 2018, aj, 156, 123

ibitem[Bailer-Jones et al.(2018)]{bai18}
Bailer-Jones, C.~A.~L., Rybizki, J., Fouesneau, M., Mantelet, G., & Andrae, R. 2018, aj, 156, 58

ibitem[Bayo et al.(2011)]{bay11}
Bayo, A., Barrado, D., Stauffer, J., et al. 2011, aap, 536, A63

ibitem[Bastian et al.(2010)]{bas10}
Bastian, N., Covey, K.~R., & Meyer, M.~R. 2010, araa, 48, 339

ibitem[Best et al.(2018)]{bes18}
Best, W.~M.~J., Magnier, E.~A., Liu, M.~C., et al. 2018, apjs, 234, 1

ibitem[Bhattacharya et al.(2017)]{bha17}
Bhattacharya, S., Mishra, I., Vaidya, K., & Chen, W.~P. 2017, apj, 847, 138

ibitem[Binney & Tremaine(1987)]{bin87}
Binney, J., & Tremaine, S., 1987, Galactic Dynamics, Princeton University Press

ibitem[Binney & Merrifield(1998)]{bin98}
Binney, J., & Merrifield, M. 1998, Galactic Astronomy, Princeton, NJ,
Princeton University Press, QB857 .B522

ibitem[Bok(1934)]{bok34}
Bok, B.~J. 1934, Harvard College Observatory Circular, 384, 1

ibitem[Bonatto et al.(2006)]{bon06}
Bonatto, C., Kerber, L.~O., Bica, E., & Santiago, B.~X. 2006, aap, 446, 121

ibitem[Boudreault et al.(2012)]{bou12}
Boudreault, S., Lodieu, N., Deacon, N.~R., & Hambly, N.~C. 2012, mnras, 426, 3419

ibitem[Bovy(2015)]{bov15}
Bovy, J. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 216, 29.

ibitem[Bovy(2017)]{bov17}
Bovy, J. 2017, mnras, 468, L63

ibitem[Brandner et al.(2008)]{bra08}
Brandner, W., Clark, J.~S., Stolte, A., et al. 2008, aap, 478, 137

ibitem[Bressan et al.(2012)]{bre12}
Bressan, A., Marigo, P. Girardi, L., et al. 2012, mnras. 427, 127

ibitem[Reid & Brunthaler(2004)]{bru04}
Reid, M.~J., & Brunthaler, A. 2004, apj, 616, 872

ibitem[Burgasser et al.(2004)]{bur04}
Burgasser, A.~J., McElwain, M.~W., Kirkpatrick, J.~D., et al. 2004, aj, 127, 2856

ibitem[Burgasser & McElwain(2006)]{bur06a}
Burgasser, A.~J., & McElwain, M.~W. 2006, aj, 131, 1007

ibitem[Burgasser et al.(2006)]{bur06b}
Burgasser, A.~J., Geballe, T.~R., Leggett, S.~K., Kirkpatrick, J.~D., & Golimowski, D.~A. 2006, apj, 637, 1067

ibitem[Burgasser et al.(2007)]{bur07a}
Burgasser, A.~J., Looper, D.~L., Kirkpatrick, J.~D., & Liu, M.~C. 2007, apj, 658, 557

ibitem[Burgasser(2007)]{bur07b}
Burgasser, A.~J. 2007, apj, 659, 655

ibitem[Burgasser et al.(2008)]{bur08}
Burgasser, A.~J., Liu, M.~C., Ireland, M.~J., Cruz, K.~L., & Dupuy, T.~J. 2008, apj, 681, 579-593

ibitem[Cantat-Gaudin et al.(2018)]{can18}
Cantat-Gaudin, T., Jordi, C., Vallenari, A., et al. 2018, aap, 618, A93.

ibitem[Carrera & Pancino(2011)]{car11}
Carrera, R., & Pancino, E. 2011, aap, 535, A30

ibitem[Casewell et al.(2005)]{cas05}
Casewell, S.~L., Jameson, R.~F., & Dobbie, P.~D. 2005, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 991

ibitem[Casewell et al.(2006)]{cas06}
Casewell, S.~L., Jameson, R.~F., & Dobbie, P.~D. 2006, mnras, 365, 447

ibitem[Casewell et al.(2014)]{cas14}
Casewell, S.~L., Littlefair, S.~P., Burleigh, M.~R., & Roy, M. 2014, mnras, 441, 2644

ibitem[Cayrel de Strobel(1990)]{cay90}
Cayrel de Strobel, G. 1990, memsai, 61, 613

ibitem[Chambers et al.(2016)]{cha16}
Chambers, K.~C., Magnier, E.~A., Metcalfe, N., et al. 2016, arXiv:1612.05560

ibitem[Chen et al.(2001)]{che01}
Chen, B., Stoughton, C., Smith, J.~A., et al. 2001, apj, 553, 184.

ibitem[Chappelle et al.(2005)]{cha05}
Chappelle, R.~J., Pinfield, D.~J., Steele, I.~A., Dobbie, P.~D., & Magazz{`u}, A. 2005,
mnras, 361, 1323

ibitem[Chen & Chen(2010)]{che10}
Chen, C.~W., & Chen, W.~P. 2010, apj, 721, 1790

ibitem[Chen et al.(2014)]{che14}
Chen, Y., Girardi, L., Bressan, A., et al. 2014, mnras, 444, 2525

ibitem[Chen et al.(2015)]{che15}
Chen, Y., Bressan, A., Girardi, L., et al. 2015, mnras, 452, 1068

ibitem[Chen et al.(2004)]{che04}
Chen, W.~P., Chen, C.~W., & Shu, C.~G. 2004, aj, 128, 2306

ibitem[Chiu et al.(2006)]{chi06}
Chiu, K., Fan, X., Leggett, S.~K., et al. 2006, aj, 131, 2722

ibitem[Collins & Hambly(2012)]{col12}
Collins, R., & Hambly, N. 2012, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XXI, ASPC, 461, 525

ibitem[Cox(2000)]{cox00}
Cox, A.~N. 2000, Allen′s Astrophysical Quantities (IV, ed.; New York: AIP)
ibitem[Cruz et al.(2004)]{cru04}
Cruz, K.~L., Burgasser, A.~J., Reid, I.~N., & Liebert, J. 2004, apjl, 604, L61

ibitem[Cushing et al.(2004)]{cus04}
Cushing, M.~C., Vacca, W.~D., & Rayner, J.~T. 2004, pasp, 116, 362

ibitem[Cutri et al.(2013)]{cut13}
Cutri, R.~M., Wright, E.~L., Conrow, T., et al. 2013, Explanatory
Supplement to the AllWISE Data Release Products

ibitem[de Grijs & Parmentier(2007)]{deg07}
de Grijs, R., & Parmentier, G. 2007, cjaa, 7, 155

ibitem[de Grijs(2009)]{deg09}
de Grijs, R. 2009, apss, 324, 283

ibitem[Dias et al.(2014)]{dia14}
Dias, W.~S., Monteiro, H., Caetano, T.~C., et al. 2014, aap, 564, A79.

ibitem[Ducati(2002)]{duc02}
Ducati, J.~R. 2002, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 2237,

ibitem[Ernst et al.(2011)]{ern11}
Ernst, A., Just, A., Berczik, P., & Olczak, C. 2011, aap, 536, A64

ibitem[Elias et al.(2006a)]{eli06a}
Elias, J. H., Joyce, R. R., Liang, M., et al. 2006a, Proc. SPIE, 6269, 62694C

ibitem[Elias et al.(2006b)]{eli06b}
Elias, J. H., Rodgers, B., Joyce, R. R., et al. 2006b, Proc. SPIE, 6269, 626914

ibitem[Ford et al.(2001)]{for01}
Ford, A., Jeffries, R.~D., James, D.~J., & Barnes, J.~R. 2001, aap, 369, 871

ibitem[Fossati et al.(2008)]{fos08}
Fossati, L., Bagnulo, S., Landstreet, J., et al. 2008, aap, 483, 891

ibitem[Friel & Boesgaard(1992)]{fri92}
Friel, E.~D., & Boesgaard, A.~M. 1992, apj, 387, 170

ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2016)]{bro16}
Gaia Collaboration, Brown, A.~G.~A., Vallenari, A., et al. 2016, aap, 595, A2

ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2016)]{pru16}
Gaia Collaboration, Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J.~H.~J., et al. 2016, aap, 595, A1

ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2017)]{van17}
Gaia Collaboration, van Leeuwen, F., Vallenari, A., et al. 2017, aap, 601, A19

%ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2018)]{bab18}
% Gaia Collaboration, Babusiaux, C., van Leeuwen, F., et al. 2018, arXiv:1804.09378

ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2018b)]{bro18}
Gaia Collaboration, Brown, A.~G.~A., Vallenari, A., et al. 2018, aap, 616, A1

%ibitem[Gaia Collaboration et al.(2017)]{lee17}
% Gaia Collaboration, van Leeuwen, F., Vallenari, A., et al. 2017, aap, 601, A19

ibitem[G{′a}sp{′a}r et al.(2009)]{gas09}
G{′a}sp{′a}r, A., Rieke, G.~H., Su, K.~Y.~L., et al. 2009, apj, 697, 1578

ibitem[Gennaro et al.(2011)]{gen11}
Gennaro, M., Brandner, W., Stolte, A., & Henning, T. 2011, mnras, 412, 2469

ibitem[Gillessen et al.(2009)]{gil09}
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., et al. 2009, apj, 692, 1075.

ibitem[Goldman et al.(2013)]{gol13}
Goldman, B., R{"o}ser, S., Schilbach, E., et al. 2013, aap, 559, A43

ibitem[Gratton(2000)]{gra00}
Gratton, R. 2000, Stellar Clusters and Associations: Convection, Rotation, and Dynamos, 198, 225
Binney, J., & Tremaine, S., 1987, Galactic Dynamics, Princeton University Press

ibitem[Griffin & Griffin(1986)]{gri86}
Griffin, R., & Griffin, R. 1986, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 7, 195

ibitem[Griffin & Griffin(2011)]{gri11}
Griffin, R.~E.~M., & Griffin, R.~F. 2011, Astronomische Nachrichten, 332, 105

ibitem[Hambly et al.(1995)]{ham95}
Hambly, N.~C., Steele, I.~A., Hawkins, M.~R.~S., & Jameson, R.~F. 1995, aaps, 109,

ibitem[Herter et al.(2008)]{her08}
Herter, T. L., Henderson, C. P., Wilson, J. C., et al. 2008, Proc. SPIE, 7014, 70140X

ibitem[Hewett et al.(2006)]{hew06}
Hewett, P.~C., Warren, S.~J., Leggett, S.~K., & Hodgkin, S.~T. 2006, mnras, 367, 454

ibitem[Hillenbrand(1997)]{hil97}
Hillenbrand, L.~A. 1997, aj, 113, 1733

ibitem[Hillenbrand & White(2004)]{hil04}
Hillenbrand, L.~A., & White, R.~J. 2004, apj, 604, 741

ibitem[H{o}g et al.(2000)]{hog00}
H{o}g, E., Fabricius, C., Makarov, V.~V., et al. 2000, aap, 355, L27

%ibitem[Jeffries(1999)]{1999MNRAS.309..189J} Jeffries, R.~D. 1999, mnras, 309, 189 % Pleiades

ibitem[Jeffries(1999)]{jef99} Jeffries, R.~D. 1999, mnras, 304, 821 % ComaBer

ibitem[Jordi et al.(2005)]{jor05}
Jordi, K., Grebel, E.~K., & Ammon, K. 2005, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 657

ibitem[Kerr & Lynden-Bell(1986)]{ker86}
Kerr, F.~J., & Lynden-Bell, D. 1986, mnras, 221, 1023

ibitem[Kippenhahn et al.(1970)]{kip70}
Kippenhahn, R., Meyer-Hofmeister, E., & Thomas, H.~C. 1970, aap, 5, 155

ibitem[Kirkpatrick et al.(2010)]{kir10}
Kirkpatrick, J.~D., Looper, D.~L., Burgasser, A.~J., et al. 2010, apjs, 190, 100

ibitem[Kirkpatrick et al.(2011)]{kir11}
Kirkpatrick, J.~D., Cushing, M.~C., Gelino, C.~R., et al. 2011, apjs, 197, 19

ibitem[Kraus & Hillenbrand(2007)]{kra07}
Kraus, A.~L., & Hillenbrand, L.~A. 2007, aj, 134, 2340

ibitem[Lada et al.(1984)]{lad84}
Lada, C.~J., Margulis, M., & Dearborn, D. 1984, apj, 285, 141

ibitem[Lada & Lada(2003)]{lad03}
Lada, C.~J., & Lada, E.~A. 2003, araa, 41, 57

ibitem[Lan{c c}on et al.(2007)]{lan07}
Lan{c c}on, A., Hauschildt, P.~H., Ladjal, D., & Mouhcine, M. 2007, aap, 468, 205

ibitem[Lawrence et al.(2007)]{law07}
Lawrence, A., et al. 2007, mnras, 379, 1599

ibitem[Lawrence et al.(2012)]{law12}
Lawrence, A., Warren, S.~J., Almaini, O., et al. 2012, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 2314

ibitem[Lindegren et al.(2018)]{lin18}
Lindegren, L., Hernandez, J., Bombrun, A., et al. 2018, arXiv:1804.09366

ibitem[Lodieu et al.(2012)]{lod12}
Lodieu, N., Deacon, N.~R., & Hambly, N.~C. 2012, mnras, 422, 1495

ibitem[Loidl et al.(2001)]{loi01}
Loidl, R., Lan{c c}on, A., & J{o}rgensen, U.~G. 2001, aap, 371, 1065

ibitem[Luhman(2012)]{luh12}
Luhman, K.~L. 2012, araa, 50, 65

ibitem[Luhman & Rieke(1999)]{luh99}
Luhman, K.~L., & Rieke, G.~H. 1999, apj, 525, 440

ibitem[Mainzer et al.(2011)]{mai11}
Mainzer, A., Bauer, J., Grav, T., et al. 2011, apj, 731, 53

ibitem[Martinez-Medina et al.(2017)]{mar17}
Martinez-Medina, L.~A., Pichardo, B., Peimbert, A., & Moreno, E. 2017, apj, 834, 58

ibitem[Mart{′{i}}n et al.(2018)]{mar18}
Mart{′{i}}n, E.~L., Lodieu, N., Pavlenko, Y., & B{′e}jar, V.~J.~S. 2018, apj, 856, 40

ibitem[Massarotti et al.(2008)]{mas08}
Massarotti, A., Latham, D., Stefanik, R.~P., et al. 2008, aj, 135, 209

ibitem[Mathieu(1984)]{mat84}
Mathieu, R.~D. 1984, apj, 284, 643

ibitem[Meingast, & Alves(2019)]{mei19}
Meingast, S., & Alves, J. 2019, aap, 621, L3.

ibitem[Melnikov & Eisl{"o}ffel(2012)]{mel12}
Melnikov, S., & Eisl{"o}ffel, J. 2012, aap, 544, A111

ibitem[Melotte(1915)]{mel15}
Melotte, P.~J. 1915, memras, 60, 175

ibitem[Mermilliod et al.(2008)]{mer08}
Mermilliod, J.-C., Grenon, M., & Mayor, M. 2008, aap, 491, 951

ibitem[Mermilliod, Mayor, & Udry(2009)]{mer09}
Mermilliod, J.~C., Mayor, M., & Udry, S. 2009, aap, 498, 949

ibitem[Netopil et al.(2016)]{net16}
Netopil, M., Paunzen, E., Heiter, U., & Soubiran, C. 2016, aap, 585, A150

ibitem[Nicolet(1981)]{nic81}
Nicolet, B. 1981, aap, 104, 185

ibitem[Odenkirchen et al.(1998)]{ode98}
Odenkirchen, M., Soubiran, C., & Colin, J. 1998, a, 3, 583

ibitem[Oh et al.(2017)]{oh17}
Oh, S., Price-Whelan, A.~M., Hogg, D.~W., Morton, T.~D., & Spergel, D.~N. 2017, aj, 153, 257

ibitem[Pace et al.(2008)]{pac08}
Pace, G., Pasquini, L., & Fran{c c}ois, P. 2008, aap, 489, 403

ibitem[Pecaut et al.(2012)]{pec12}
Pecaut, M.~J., Mamajek, E.~E., & Bubar, E.~J. 2012, apj, 746, 154

ibitem[Pecaut & Mamajek(2013)]{pec13}
Pecaut, M.~J., & Mamajek, E.~E. 2013, apjs, 208, 9

ibitem[Perryman et al.(1998)]{per98}
Perryman, M.~A.~C., Brown, A.~G.~A., Lebreton, Y., et al. 1998, aap, 331, 81

ibitem[Pinfield et al.(1998)]{pin98}
Pinfield, D.~J., Jameson, R.~F., & Hodgkin, S.~T. 1998, mnras, 299, 955

ibitem[Rayner et al.(2003)]{ray03}
Rayner, J.~T., Toomey, D.~W., Onaka, P.~M., et al. 2003, pasp, 115, 362

ibitem[Rayner et al.(2009)]{ray09}
Rayner, J.~T., Cushing, M.~C., & Vacca, W.~D. 2009, apjs, 185, 289

ibitem[Reid et al.(2002)]{rei02}
Reid, I.~N., Gizis, J.~E., & Hawley, S.~L. 2002, aj, 124, 2721

ibitem[Reid et al.(2006)]{rei06}
Reid, I.~N., Lewitus, E., Burgasser, A.~J., & Cruz, K.~L. 2006, apj, 639, 1114

ibitem[Robin et al. (2011)]{rob11}
Robin, A., Reyl{′e}, C., Derri{`e}re, S., and Picaud, S., 2003, aap, 409

ibitem[Rochau et al.(2010)]{roc10}
Rochau, B., Brandner, W., Stolte, A., et al. 2010, apjl, 716, L90

ibitem[Roeser et al.(2010)]{roe10}
Roeser, S., Demleitner, M., & Schilbach, E. 2010, aj, 139, 2440

ibitem[R{"o}ser et al.(2019)]{ros19}
R{"o}ser, S., Schilbach, E., & Goldman, B. 2019, aap, 621, L2.

ibitem[Rybizki et al.(2018)]{ryb18}
Rybizki, J., Demleitner, M., Fouesneau, M., et al. 2018, pasp, 130, 74101.

ibitem[Salpeter(1955)]{sal55}
Salpeter, E.~E. 1955, apj, 121, 161

ibitem[Sch{"o}nrich et al.(2010)]{sch10}
Sch{"o}nrich, R., Binney, J., & Dehnen, W. 2010, mnras, 403, 1829.

ibitem[Scholz et al.(2011)]{sch11}
Scholz, R.-D., Bihain, G., Schnurr, O., et al. 2011, aap, 532, L5

ibitem[Sharma et al. (2011)]{sha11}
Sharma, S., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Johnston, K.~V., and Binney, J., 2011, apj, 730, 3

ibitem[Shu(1982)]{shu82}
Shu, F. H., 1982, The Physical Universe, University Science Books

ibitem[Skrutskie et al.(2006)]{skr06}
Skrutskie, M.~F., Cutri, R.~M., Stiening, R., et al. 2006, aj, 131, 1163

ibitem[Skrzypek et al.(2015)]{skr15}
Skrzypek, N., Warren, S.~J., Faherty, J.~K., et al. 2015, aap, 574, A78

ibitem[Skrzypek et al.(2016)]{skr16}
Skrzypek, N., Warren, S.~J., & Faherty, J.~K. 2016, aap, 589, A49

ibitem[Smith et al.(2014)]{smi14}
Smith, L., Lucas, P.~W., Burningham, B., et al. 2014, mnras, 437, 3603

ibitem[Spitzer(1987)]{spi87}
Spitzer, L. 1987, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 191

ibitem[Tang et al.(2014)]{tan14}
Tang, J., Bressan, A., Rosenfield, P., et al. 2014, mnras, 445, 4287

ibitem[Terrien et al.(2014)]{ter14}
Terrien, R.~C., Mahadevan, S., Deshpande, R., et al. 2014, apj, 782, 61

ibitem[Trumpler(1938)]{tru38}
Trumpler, R.~J. 1938, Lick Observatory Bulletin, 18, 167

ibitem[Tsvetkov(1989)]{tsv89}
Tsvetkov, T.~G. 1989, apss, 151, 47

ibitem[Upgren(1962)]{upg62}
Upgren, A. R. 1962, aj, 67, 37

ibitem[Vacca et al.(2003)]{vac03}
Vacca, W.~D., Cushing, M.~C., & Rayner, J.~T. 2003, pasp, 115, 389

ibitem[van Leeuwen(1999)]{van99}
van Leeuwen, F. 1999, aap, 341, L71

ibitem[van Leeuwen(2009)]{van09}
van Leeuwen, F. 2009, aap, 497, 209

ibitem[Vesperini et al.(2010)]{ves10}
Vesperini, E., McMillan, S.~L.~W., D′Antona, F., & D′Ercole, A. 2010, apjl, 718, L112

ibitem[Wang et al.(2014)]{wan14}
Wang, P.~F., Chen, W.~P., Lin, C.~C., et al. 2014, apj, 784, 57

ibitem[Webb & Leigh(2015)]{web15}
Webb, J.~J., & Leigh, N.~W.~C. 2015, mnras, 453, 3278

ibitem[West et al.(2011)]{wes11}
West, A.~A., Morgan, D.~P., Bochanski, J.~J., et al. 2011, aj, 141, 97

ibitem[Wright et al.(2010)]{wri10}
Wright, E.~L., Eisenhardt, P.~R.~M., Mainzer, A.~K., et al. 2010, aj, 140, 1868

ibitem[Yang et al.(2013)]{yan13}
Yang, S.-C., Sarajedini, A., Deliyannis, C.~P., et al. 2013, apj, 762, 3

ibitem[Yuan et al.(2018)]{yua18}
Yuan, Z., Chang, J., Banerjee, P., et al. 2018, apj, 863, 26

ibitem[Zacharias & Gaume(2011)]{zac11}
Zacharias, N., & Gaume, R. 2011, Journ{′e}es Syst{`e}mes de R{′e}f{′e}rence Spatio-temporels 2010, 95

ibitem[Zacharias et al.(2015)]{zac15}
Zacharias, N., et al. 2015, aj, 150, 101

ibitem[Zuckerman & Song(2004)]{zuc04}
Zuckerman, B., & Song, I., 2004, araa, 42, 685

指導教授

陳文屏(Wen-Ping Chen)

審核日期

2019-6-5

推文