積層製造用高韌性鐵基金屬玻璃合金粉體之開發與製作

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張喬冠(Chiao-Kuan Chang) 查詢紙本館藏

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機械工程學系

論文名稱

積層製造用高韌性鐵基金屬玻璃合金粉體之開發與製作
(Development and fabrication of Fe-based metallic glass powder with high fracture toughness for additive manufacturing)

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摘要(中)

本研究目標是製作出高韌性之鐵基金屬玻璃合金粉體，藉以應用於積層製造上，積層製造目前被認為是最有能力能應用至MIM異型水路製作技術上，而在未來會以此技術並結合鐵基金屬玻璃粉體開發出MIM異型水路模具。
以Fe-Cr-Mo-C-B-Co-Y之合金組成作為實驗基礎，此成分具有優異的玻璃形成能力，且高硬度、高強度以及良好的耐腐蝕性質且使用工業級原料其製備成本也相對的低，但是，因其破裂韌性較低，本研究以改善其材料之破裂韌性為研究的首要目標藉以實現商業化的目的。
根據金屬玻璃形成能力之三大準則以及微量添加法，挑選出金屬:鋁，藉由添加微量元素，配置出不同系列合金，以改善鐵基金屬之破裂韌性。使用真空傾倒式鑄造製備出4mm之鐵基金屬玻璃之棒材，再快速冷卻時，基地中會析出BCC結構之α-Fe樹枝狀的組織使成為非金質合金內之第二相。研究結果顯示(Fe43Co7Mo14Cr15C10B7.5Al3.5)，由於第二相軟相結構的產生，使得整體的鐵基金屬玻璃之韌性能有所改善。其破裂韌性數值由4.02 ± 0.2 MPa∙√m提升至12.29 ± 0.9 MPa∙√m。測試改質後的鐵基金屬玻璃複材與SS316、SS420、SKDII以及原基材鐵基金屬玻璃磨耗率，根據結果顯示，改質後的鐵基金屬玻璃複材之磨耗率(2.543 x 10-6 mm3/N·m)與原基材(2.064 x 10-6 mm3/N·m)兩者並無太大差異，和SS316 (2.078 x10-6 mm3/N·m)與SS420 (7.4 x 10-6 mm3/N·m)相比明顯低上許多，且和SKDII
之工具鋼相比(1.67 x 10-6 mm3/N·m)，也無太大的差異，顯示其鐵基金屬玻璃優良的耐磨耗性質。
將此改質後的鐵基金屬玻璃複材以真空感應高週波融煉並澆鑄成鐵基金屬玻璃合金鑄錠，再以氣噴粉體法(Gas atomization)製備出金屬玻璃粉體，將每一爐次粉體經搖篩機篩分，再以X光繞射確認其各區間粒徑粉體之非晶性與析出相之關係，根據結果顯示，當粒徑在90µm以下，皆只保留非晶特徵峰以及α-Fe組織，隨著粒徑越小其α-Fe的結晶峰強度也隨之降低；而粒徑>90µm除了α-Fe之BCC結構外，還有碳化物的結構，之後運用掃描式電子顯微鏡觀測其粉體外觀，由結果顯示，粉體形貌為球型且截面皆為實心構造，故此粉體適合應用於積層製造上。
關鍵字 : 鐵基金屬玻璃、破裂韌性、磨耗測試、氣噴粉體法、積層製造

摘要(英)

In order to increase the cooling rate and molding life of the mold for metal injection molding (MIM), the stronger Fe based amorphous alloy powder accompanied with the laser additive manufacturing(LAM) technique were proposed to produce the MIM mold with conformal cooling channels. In this study, a modified Fe-based amorphous alloy composition with better fracture toughness was developed and fabricated into spherical powder via gas-atomization. At first, the alloy composition of Fe41Cr15Mo14C12B9Co7Y2 amorphous alloy with good glass forming ability was selected as the base alloy by adding with 3-7.5 w.t.% Al to improve its fracture toughness. The optimum result occurs at the modified Fe-based amorphous alloy with 3.5 wt.% Al addition (Fe43Co7Mo14Cr15C10B7.5Al3.5). The alloy hardness slightly decreased from 1200 to 925 HV and the fracture toughness was significantly improved from 4.78 ± 0.9 to 12.29 ± 0.9 MPa·m1/2. Moreover, the modified Fe-based amorphous alloy shows the minimum wear rate of 2.543 x 10-6 mm3/N·m among all samples in comparison with the alloy of SS316, SS420, SKDII, and the original Fe-based amorphous alloy.
Secondary, the modified Fe-based amorphous alloy was fabricated into spherical alloy powder by gas atomization and characterized its amorphous status by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results revealed that a broaden peak accompanied the weak crystalline peaks of α-Fe and carbide phases occurred at the alloy powders with particle size under 90 μm, respectively. In parallel, the appearance of all these Fe-based alloy powders present a spherical shape and a solid cross-section. Hence, it is believed that this modified Fe-based amorphous alloy powder is suitable for MIM mold with conformal cooling channels by laser additive manufacturing.
Keyword : Fe-based bulk metallic glass, fracture toughness, abrasion test,
gas atomization, additive manufacturing

關鍵字(中)

★ 鐵基
★ 金屬玻璃
★ 氣噴粉
★ 積層製造
★ 破裂韌性

關鍵字(英)

★ Fe-based
★ Metallic glasses
★ Gas atomization
★ Additive manufacturing
★ Fracture toughness

論文目次

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XII
第一章緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究目的與動機 2
第二章文獻回顧 8
2-1 金屬玻璃合金之概述 8
2-2 金屬玻璃合金發展歷史 8
2-3 金屬玻璃合金之種類 10
2-3-1 鐵基金屬玻璃合金 10
2-4 金屬玻璃合金設計與製作 11
2-4-1 實驗歸納法則 11
2-4-2 金屬玻璃合金製程 13
2-5 金屬玻璃合金特性 15
2-5-1 熱力學性質 15
2-5-2 特徵溫度 15
2-5-3 玻璃形成能力(GFA, glass forming ability ) 16
2-6 金屬玻璃之熱性質分析 18
2-6-1 非恆溫分析 18
2-6-2 恆溫結晶率測試 18
2-7 金屬玻璃合金之機械性質與檢測方法 19
2-7-1 維克氏(Vickers)硬度量測 19
2-7-2 材料之破裂韌性 20
2-8 磨耗測試 20
2-9 氣噴法之粉體製備 22
2-10 積層製造(Additive manufacture) 23
2-10-1 選擇性雷射燒結(SLM，selective laser melting) 24
2-10-2 鐵基金屬玻璃粉體應用於積層製造 25
第三章實驗步驟與方法 35
3-1 實驗目的及流程 35
3-2 合金材料製備 35
3-2-1 合金之元素挑選 35
3-2-2 合金配置 36
3-2-3 合金融煉 37
3-2-4 真空傾倒式鑄造法(Tilt casting) 37
3-3 材料性質分析 38
3-3-1 成分分析(高解析度場發射電子微探儀(FE-EPMA)) 38
3-3-2 塊材硬度量測 38
3-3-3 破裂韌性量測 39
3-3-4 磨耗測試(Wear resistance) 39
3-3-5 壓縮強度測試 (MTS) 41
3-3-6 腐蝕測試 (動態極化法) 41
3-4 氣噴粉體之合金製備 41
3-4-1 粉體製備(氣噴粉體法) 42
3-4-2 粉體粒徑篩選(搖篩震盪機) 42
3-5 金屬玻璃塊材&粉體之微結構分析 43
3-5-1 XRD繞射分析 43
3-5-2 熱性質分析 43
3-5-3 塊狀金屬玻璃之微小結構觀察(掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察) 44
3-5-4 粉體之表面&截面形貌之SEM觀察 44
第四章實驗結果與討論 60
4-1 成分分析 60
4-2 微量添加鋁之鐵基金屬玻璃塊材 60
4-2-1 X-ray 繞射分析 61
4-2-2 非恆溫測試之熱性質分析 (DSC) 62
4-2-3 材料硬度及破裂韌性量測 62
4-2-4 磨耗測試 64
4-2-5 材料壓縮破裂強度測試 64
4-2-6 腐蝕性質分析 65
4-2-6 塊材析出物散布觀察之掃描式電子顯微鏡 66
4-3 鐵基金屬玻璃粉末分析 66
4-3-1 X-ray繞射分析 67
4-3-2 非恆溫熱性質分析 67
4-3-3 恆溫熱性質分析 68
4-3-4 粉體形貌觀察之掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 69
4-3-5 光學粒徑及型態分析儀 (CAMSIZER X2) 70
第五章結論 123
第六章參考文獻 124

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指導教授

鄭憲清(Shian-Ching Jang)

審核日期

2019-8-21

推文