樁基礎最佳化設計之研究

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姓名

鍾明劍(Ming-Chien Chung) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

樁基礎最佳化設計之研究
(Optimum Design of Piled Foundations)

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摘要(中)

本研究針對場鑄式群樁基礎進行最佳化設計之研究，群樁基礎設計的最佳化數學模型包含七個獨立之離散設計變數，依設計規範要求建立設計變數之束制條件，以工程造價為目標函數進行最低價可行解之搜尋。文中分別以離散拉格朗日法、修正相對差商法、實數編碼遺傳演算法、以及混合式GA演算法進行最佳解之搜尋，並以竭盡搜尋法所得全域最佳解來檢驗各演算法之搜尋性能。透過七個實際案例分析，顯示離散拉格朗日法、修正相對差商法的搜尋成效良好，可穩定地求得一個合理、可靠的近似最佳解，甚至為全域最佳解，且所需時間甚短。實數編碼遺傳演算法及混合式GA演算法於各案例均有機會搜尋至全域最佳解，且其與最佳解之差距較上述兩方法為小，惟所需時間較多。
此外，本文提出一套非線性靜力側推程序，可應用於分析地盤液化流動壓力或位移作用下基樁之非線性側向承載行為，可分析不同液化程度下基樁之側向承載性能狀態，供基樁耐震性能設計之用。文中分別以流動土壓與流動變位兩種加載模式進行現地損害案例的分析比較，探討兩者於非線性靜力側推應用上之差異，結果顯示兩種分析模式皆可合理地掌握基樁於液化流動地盤之受力與變形行為，惟流動土壓分析模式可較簡單地應用於性能設計法。文中以流動土壓分析模式為基礎，提出基樁抵抗液化流動之耐震性能分析流程，可供工程界參考應用。文末則以流動土壓為基礎，提出此問題之簡化分析模式，推導出解析解，並以現地基樁損害案例進行驗證與比較，結果顯示此解析解可合理地掌握側向樁的受力與變形行為，最後以實際案例為例，透過此解析解進行參數研究，探討不同參數之變化對側向樁變形與受力行為之影響。

摘要(英)

This thesis presents the application of optimal algorithms to the least cost design of bored piled foundations. The objective function is the combined costs of soil excavation, pile cap, piles, and soil backfill. The design variables, including pile length, pile diameter, depth of pile cap, pile spacing, and pile number, are all discrete. The optimal algorithms include discrete Lagrangian method (DLM), modified relative difference quotient algorithm (MRDQA), real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA), and hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA). The efficiency and validity of the above algorithms have been verified by comparing the solutions with the global optimum solutions obtained from exhaustive search method (ESM).
The comparative results of seven design cases have shown that the mean errors of DLM and MRDQA solutions are around 1.86%, respectively. RGA and HGA can find the optimum solutions from ESM, but they spend more time than DLM or MRDQA. The influences of the unit price of the constructive materials, soil liquefaction, the resistance of pile cap, and the pile-group effect on the optimum solutions are discussed in the thesis.
Furthermore, the thesis presents a simplified nonlinear pushover analysis for the lateral response of the pile subjected to liquefaction-induced flow earth pressure. The pushover analysis can be carried out by incrementally imposing flow pressure or flow displacement on the pile. The capacity curve of the lateral pile was expressed in terms of the total flow forces and the displacement of pile top. The seismic performances corresponding to different liquefaction extents can be clearly identified on the curve. The field damage case was analyzed by both of the flow pressure and displacement methods. A comparison was made between the results of these two methods. It shows that both two
methods can reasonably capture the lateral pile response when subjected the flow pressure due to ground liquefaction. However, the flow pressure method seems more suitable to be used in the area of seismic performance-based design of pile foundation.
Although pushover analysis can capture the pile response very well, it is so complicated that the analyses usually have to be solved by numerical methods. Based on some reasonable assumptions, the thesis presents a simplified closed-form solution for the analysis. It is a combination of the solutions of an Euler’s beam and an elastic lateral pile. The solution is used to analyze two cases of damaged pile due to lateral spreading. The calculated result by the solution agrees the field performance well. Based on the simplified closed-form solution, the influences of pile diameter, pile spacing, peak ground acceleration, the SPT-N value of liquefying layer, and the SPT-N value of non-liquefying layer on the lateral pile responses are discussed in the thesis.

關鍵字(中)

★ 最佳化設計
★ 解析解
★ 性能設計
★ 側推分析
★ 最佳化演算法
★ 樁基礎

關鍵字(英)

★ piled foundation
★ performance-based design
★ optimum design
★ closed-form solution
★ algorithms
★ pushover analysis

論文目次

摘要
ABSTRACT
致謝
目錄 i
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 xii
第一章　緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究內容與流程 3
1.3 論文架構 7
第二章　文獻回顧 9
2.1 基樁工程設計規範 9
2.1.1　傳統基樁設計方法 10
2.1.2　基樁耐震性能設計法 19
2.2 最佳化理論及其於大地工程之應用 22
2.3 最佳化理論於基樁工程之應用 28
2.4 離散最佳化演算法之回顧 34
2.4.1　竭盡搜尋法 37
2.4.2　離散拉格朗日法 38
2.4.3　相對差商法 40
2.4.4　遺傳演算法 41
2.4.5　混合式GA演算法 43
第三章　樁基礎設計分析公式與最佳化數學模型 45
3.1 樁基礎設計與分析模式 46
3.1.1　設計變數的選定 49
3.1.2　最小樁帽厚度 51
3.1.3　基樁承載力 59
3.1.4　群樁效應 61
3.1.5　液化折減 66
3.1.6　樁頭反力及樁帽變位量 69
3.1.7　配筋設計 75
3.2 目標函數 82
3.2.1　土方開挖費用 82
3.2.2　基樁費用 83
3.2.3　樁帽費用 84
3.2.4　夯實回填費用 85
3.3 束制條件 86
3.3.1　工址用地限制 86
3.3.2　基樁間距限制 86
3.3.3　基樁長度限制 87
3.3.4　樁帽剪力限制 87
3.3.5　基樁容許承載力 88
3.3.6　樁頭容許變位量 89
3.4 安全餘裕指標 90
3.5 初始解的選取原則 91
第四章　最佳化演算法 95
4.1 離散拉格朗日法 95
4.1.1　離散拉格朗日函數 97
4.1.2　鄰點定義 98
4.1.3　搜尋方向與收斂準則 99
4.1.4　一階搜尋公式 101
4.1.5　轉換函數 105
4.1.6　擴大鄰點搜尋 106
4.1.7　DLM的再搜尋機制 106
4.2 修正相對差商法 108
4.2.1　鄰點定義 110
4.2.2　差商計算 110
4.2.3　搜尋方向與收斂準則 111
4.2.4　擴大鄰點搜尋 113
4.2.5　MRDQA的再搜尋機制 114
4.3 實數編碼遺傳演算法 115
4.3.1　產生初始族群 115
4.3.2　適應函數與束制函數的處理 116
4.3.3　選擇及複製 120
4.3.4　交配 121
4.3.5　突變 123
4.3.6　挑選子代族群之個體 124
4.3.7　收斂準則 125
4.4 混合式GA演算法 127
4.4.1　HGA-DLM 129
4.4.2　HGA-MRDQA 130
第五章　以最佳化演算法求解樁基礎低價化解 131
5.1 案例選擇與說明 132
5.1.1　日本道路橋樁基礎設計案例 134
5.1.2　台灣東部河川橋樁基礎設計案例 137
5.1.3　台灣高鐵高架橋樁基礎設計案例1 140
5.1.4　台灣高鐵高架橋樁基礎設計案例2 143
5.1.5　台灣高鐵高架橋樁基礎設計案例3 145
5.1.6　台灣高鐵高架橋樁基礎設計案例4 147
5.1.7　台灣高鐵高架橋樁基礎設計案例5 149
5.2 試誤設計程序之檢討 151
5.2.1　JR案例探討 152
5.2.2　TE案例探討 156
5.2.3　THSR1案例探討 160
5.2.4　THSR2案例探討 164
5.2.5　THSR3案例探討 168
5.2.6　THSR4案例探討 172
5.2.7　THSR5案例探討 176
5.2.8　小結 180
5.3 離散拉格朗日法與修正相對差商法之搜尋性能 181
5.3.1　建議初始解的適用性 181
5.3.2　DLM及MRDQA之搜尋性能 184
5.4 實數編碼遺傳演算法之搜尋性能 192
5.4.1　RGA參數研究 192
5.4.2　RGA之搜尋性能 197
5.5 混合式GA演算法之搜尋性能 199
5.5.1　HGA參數研究 199
5.5.2　HGA之搜尋性能 202
5.6 各演算法搜尋性能之比較 205
5.7 參數研究 207
5.7.1　物料單價敏感度分析 208
5.7.2　液化折減、樁帽阻抗及群樁效應 210
第六章　基樁抗液化流動耐震性能設計與分析 215
6.1 液化流動壓作用下基樁耐震性能之側推分析 216
6.1.1　流動土壓分析模式 218
6.1.2　流動變位分析模式 224
6.2 現地基樁損害案例之分析 229
6.2.1　基樁損害案例概述 229
6.2.2　流動土壓分析模式之分析結果 234
6.2.3　流動變位分析模式之分析結果 241
6.2.4　兩種分析模式之比較 243
6.3 基樁抗液化流動之耐震性能設計法 245
6.4 液化流動壓作用下基樁之簡化解析解 250
6.4.1　簡化解析解之推求 250
6.4.2　簡化解析解合理性之檢核 260
6.4.3　參數研究 274
第七章　結論與建議 291
7.1 結論 291
7.2 建議 296
參考文獻 299

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指導教授

黃俊鴻、莊德興
(Jin-Hung Hwang、Der-Shin Junag)

審核日期

2006-7-22

推文