How the Brain Deals with the Asymmetry between Chinese Subject and Object Relative Clauses: Support for a Dynamic Processing Theory

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姓名	徐坤宇(Kun-Yu Xu) 查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	認知與神經科學研究所
論文名稱	How the Brain Deals with the Asymmetry between Chinese Subject and Object Relative Clauses: Support for a Dynamic Processing Theory (How the Brain Deals with the Asymmetry between Chinese Subject and Object Relative Clauses: Support for a Dynamic Processing Theory)
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摘要(中)	鑒於關係子句的複雜性及類型豐富性，其相關研究已經成為一個非常重要的議題。以往研究發現，雖然主語關係子句和賓語關係子句僅在詞序上不同，但存在明顯的難易差別。因此，兩類關係子句的比較研究為理解大腦如何處理不同難度的句子提供了重要材料。儘管大量來自印歐語的研究一致表明賓語關係子句比主語關係子句更難，但在漢語裡，關於二者的加工偏好仍有待釐清。雖然已有研究嘗試借助行為或腦電波實驗來解決這一重要的語言學議題，但結論不一;加上目前尚未有腦成像方面的證據支持漢語兩類關係子句存在難易差別。因此，本論文旨在通過一系列的自定閱讀速度(第二章)以及功能性核磁共振造影實驗(第三和四章)揭示漢語主語關係子句和賓語關係子句之間的加工偏好模式以及對應的大腦處理機制;進而從單句子的層面探討大腦是如何通過動態性調整來實現對不同難度句子的加工(第五章)。本論文中的系列行為實驗(第二章)一致表明漢語兩類關係句子存在明顯的難易差別，即漢語主語關係子句比漢語賓語關係子句更難理解，因此需要更長的閱讀時間。本研究結果不僅對主語關係子句的加工偏好在世界語言裡具有普適性的設想提出了挑戰，也強調了在句法處理歷程中語言特異性的重要性。此外，該發現也為進一步解讀漢語主、賓語關係子句的不同腦機制提供了有效的參考。同時，本論文首次為漢語關係子句存在加工偏好的處理模式提供了清晰的腦成像證據。在理解更難的漢語關係子句時，激活了更多與句子處理相關的腦區域面積，特別表現在左額下迴 (left inferior frontal gyrus)和左顳上迴(left superior temporal gyrus)兩大腦區域。左額下迴和左顳上迴在句子處理歷程中分別發揮了句法結構重組和詞彙意義整合的作用。同時，從左額下迴到左顳上迴這一特定腦連接對理解漢語關係子句起著重要作用。兩大關鍵腦區域的相互作用確保了從記憶中檢索到的詞彙信息被統一為連貫有意義的序列，使其具有完整的句法結構和語意解釋，從而達到理解漢語關係子句的目的。最後，本研究結合腦成像和眼動數據實現了單句子層面的觀察。研究結果表明從左額下迴到左顳上迴這一特定腦連接的強度與漢語關係子句的難易程度存在顯著的正相關性;也就是，隨著句子難度越難，該腦連接的強度也就越強。這進一步說明了在處理複雜句子時，不僅需要特定腦區域的參與，也需要相關腦區域之間的相互配合來完成對句子不同層面信息的有效整合和理解。綜上所述，本研究不僅證實了漢語兩類關係子句存在明顯的難易差別及存在特定的加工偏好模式，也揭示了左額下迴和左顳上迴在理解漢語關係子句中的重要作用。同時，本研究從單句子層面的觀察發現關係子句的不同處理難度可以調節左額下迴和左顳上迴這兩大腦區域之間的連接強度。從本論文的系列行為和腦成像實驗中可看出，句法結構且語義內容存在差異的句子，即使差異很小，其難易程度也可反映在腦活化的模式中。因此，除了傳統對句子難度的測量指標(例如閱讀時間的長短和眼睛注視時間的長短)，動態腦連接模式的改變可能也是一個區分句子難度的有效指標。;
摘要(英)	The processing of relative clauses (RCs) has been an important topic owing to its grammatical complexity as well as its rich typology. Extensive research has found that there is a processing asymmetry between the two most common types of RCs, subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) and object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs). Comparison of SRCs and ORCs, which differ minimally in word order, provides us valuable materials to investigate how the human brain interprets sentences with different levels of processing difficulty. A great deal of research has indicated that SRCs are consistently easier to comprehend than ORCs in Indo- European languages, which seems to raise a very attractive proposition of a universal preference for SRCs; however, it has been a long-standing debate about whether Chinese SRCs are also easier to process than ORCs. Moreover, the neural correlates underlying the processing of Chinese RCs have been poorly understood before. Therefore, one aim of this dissertation is to investigate the processing preference pattern between Chinese SRCs and ORCs by conducting a series of self-paced reading experiments (Chapter 2) and also explore the neural mechanisms underlying the comprehension of Chinese RCs by running fMRI experiments (Chapter 3 and 4). Another aim is to elaborate on how the human brain dynamically adjusts itself for comprehending Chinese RCs with different levels of processing difficulty by applying a newly-developed single-trial analysis (Chapter 5). The present findings from a series of self-paced reading experiments (Chapter 2) demonstrated that there was a processing asymmetry between Chinese SRCs and ORCs and Chinese ORCs were easier to comprehend than Chinese SRCs. The ORC preference in Chinese thus poses a challenge to the theoretical approaches that predict a universal SRC advantage and also highlight the importance of investigating language-specific processing mechanisms in sentence comprehension. Besides, these behavioral findings set a reference for interpretations of the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese SRCs and ORCs. The neuroimaging studies (Chapter 3 and 4) then presented clear neuroimaging evidence, for the first time in the literature, to support the ORC preference in Chinese, as reflected in enhanced activation of the LIFG and the LSTG during the comprehension of Chinese SRCs than ORCs. In addition to crucial roles of the LIFG and the LSTG, these neuroimaging results also indicate that enhanced effective connectivity from the LIFG to the LSTG may prominently contribute to the comprehension of Chinese SRCs that are more difficult than ORCs. Further, through a single-trial analysis by combining fMRI and eye-tracking data (Chapter 5), the strength of the connectivity from the LIFG to the LSTG was found to be significantly correlated with the processing difficulty of Chinese SRCs. The findings further confirm our assumption that the effective connectivity from the LIFG to the LSTG plays an important role during the processing of RC structures. Enhanced strength of this connectivity is claimed to reflect increased integration demands and restructuring attempts for sentence comprehension. In sum, the findings of this dissertation contribute to the understanding of the subject-object asymmetry in Chinese and the neural mechanisms underlying the comprehension of Chinese RCs. Moreover, the additional sources of evidence from a single-trial analysis reveal that brain activation in between the LIFG and the LSTG can dynamically attune to different levels of processing difficulty. Besides, the collected behavioral and neuroimaging evidence from the same set of stimuli in a series of studies demonstrate that grammatically different sentences but with subtle differences in semantic content can be detected in brain activation patterns. Therefore, in addition to traditional measures (i.e., reading time, eye fixation time), the dynamic networking pattern change might be another useful index to differentiate the difficulty level of sentence comprehension, as what we found in the current neuroimaging studies.
關鍵字(中)	★ 關係子句 ★ 句子難度 ★ 句子處理 ★ 單句子觀察 ★ 有效性連結	關鍵字(英)	★ Relative Clause ★ Sentence Complexity ★ Sentence Processing ★ Single-sentence Observation ★ Effective Connectivity
論文目次	摘要 I Abstract III Acknowledgments. V Table of Contents .VI List of Figures..X ist of Tables. XII List of Abbreviations XIII Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 The subject-object asymmetry in relative clause processing.3 1.1.1 Relative clause processing 3 1.1.2 The processing asymmetry between different types of relative clauses 4 1.1.3 Factors affecting Chinese relative clause processing..7 1.2 Different theoretical predictions for Chinese subject-object asymmetry .12 1.2.1 Structural distance account.12 1.2.2 Working memory accounts.14 1 .2.3 Experience / Frequency-based accounts .16 1.2.4 Interim summary .18 1.3 Empirical exploration of Chinese subject-object asymmetry.18 1.3.1 Reports from behavioral studies..18 1.3.2 Results from electrophysiological studies..21 1.4 Neuroimaging studies and the current gaps.22 1.5 Aims and research questions.28 1.6 The conception of this dissertation..29 1.7 The outline of this dissertation ..31 Chapter 2 Behavioral Observations of Chinese Subject-Object Asymmetry ..34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Experiment 1: Exploration of Chinese subject-object asymmetry when relative clauses were at the subject-modifying position.35 2.2.1 Methods 35 2.2.2 Results..39 2.2.3 Discussion ..43 2.3 Experiment 2: Exploration of Chinese subject-object asymmetry when relative clauses were at the object-modifying position ..44 2.3.1 Method .44 2.3.2 Results..46 2.3.3 Discussion ..50 2.4 Experiment 3: Re-examination of Chinese subject-object asymmetry when relative clauses were at the subject-modifying position.51 2.4.1 Methods 51 2.4.2 Results..52 2.4.3 Discussion ..53 2.5 Experiment 4: Re-examination of Chinese subject-object asymmetry when relative clauses were at the object-modifying position. .54 2.5.1 Participants, stimuli, and procedure..54 2.5.2 Results..55 2.5.3 Discussion ..59 2.6 General discussion 59 Chapter 3 Neuroimaging Investigation of Chinese Subject-Object Asymmetry 63 3.1 Background.63 3.2 Methods .65 3.2.1 Participants.65 3.2.2 Materials and design..65 3.2.3 Procedure.66 3.2.4 Imaging protocol .68 3.2.5 Imaging data analysis 69 3.2.6 Granger causality analysis..70 3.3 Results 73 3.3.1 Offline comprehension performance.73 3.3.2 Imaging results.73 3.4 Discussion.77 Chapter 4 Dynamic Brain Activations Subserve Different Sentence Processing ..84 4.1 Introduction .84 4.2 Method87 4.2.1 Participants.87 4.2.2 Materials..87 4.2.3 Procedure.88 4.2.4 Imaging protocol .90 4.2.5 Imaging data analysis 91 4.2.6 Granger causality analysis..92 4.3 Results 93 4.3.1 Behavioral performance 93 4.3.2 Whole-brain analysis.95 4.3.3 Granger causality results . 99 4.4 Discussion..104 Chapter 5 BOLD-based Brain Connectivity Attuned to the Complexity of Relative Clause Sentences Revealed by a Single-trial Analysis .109 5.1 Introduction ..109 5.2 Methods .. 113 5.2.1 Participants..113 5.2.2 Materials113 5.2.3 Apparatus.. 115 5.2.4 Procedures 116 5.2.5 Data analysis for eye-tracking data . 118 5.2.6 Data analysis for the fMRI data 119 5.2.7 Sentence complexity ..125 5.3 Results .126 5.3.1 The eye-tracking results 126 5.3.2 The fMRI results ..129 5.3.3 Single-sentence analysis 132 5.4 Discussion..134 Chapter 6 General Discussion 140 6.1 Results summary and discussion 140 6.1.1 Chinese ORCs are easier to comprehend than SRCs. 140 6.1.2 Brain connectivity attunes to different processing difficulty .144 6.2 Limitations and future works 149 6.3 Conclusions ..152 References 155
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指導教授	段正仁吳嫻(Jeng-Ren Duann Hsien Wu)	審核日期	2020-3-19
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