摘要(英) |
The early twentieth-century Austrian painter Egon Schiele (1890-1918) is famous for his very different and unique style of painting. During his short career as a painter, he devoted himself to creating portraits incessantly. Schiele portrayed different classes, ethnic groups, and self-portraits by absorbing and digesting different artistic styles, contemporary trends, new medical knowledge, and new technologies. He used this as a cornerstone to weave his artistic concepts. He developed double self-portraits and double portraits with skillful compositions, the concept of doppelgänger, and religious sensation emphasizing his thoughts on viewing, allowing viewers to distinguish the difference between “daraufsehen” (look at) and “hineinsehen” (look into) through viewing. In so doing, his works reflect the inner vision of the creator and invite the viewer to generate many possibilities for viewing.
The first chapter focuses on the portraits in the four exhibitions at the beginning of the twentieth century, sorting out the historical, social and cultural background of the development of Vienna’s portrait paintings from the first half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. It discusses how the patrons, painters, and artists who faced the social changes and chose to express the subjectivities through portraits. This phenomenon had continued until the early twentieth century when the new generation of artists, including Schiele, shaped the modern subject through portraits. The second chapter firstly focuses on Schiele′s personal life experience and artistic development before 1910, exploring topics such as Schiele′s relationship with his family, his discovery of new things at school, his acquaintance with those who inspired his art, and his preference for drawing and watercolor as experimental mediums for various expressions. Secondly, Schiele chose to accumulate different face and body images by depicting portraits of famous Viennese personalities, patrons, pregnant women, babies, and teenagers, exploring the tensions between the inner emotions and outer recognition of sitters, gradually forming his own artistic style. The third chapter first discusses Schiele’s many experiments in the genre of self-portraiture, playing the dual roles of both the creator and the subject of the self-portraits. He boldly breaks through his visual vocabulary and develops the double self-portraits. Then the chapter focuses on the Schiele’s Self-Seer series, in the light of Schiele′s explanation of the two viewing modes of this series, “look at” and “look into.” I analyze the gradual completion of the Self-Seer series from the sketches and demonstrate the importance of “look into” which is a way to transcend the outside and be able to recognize the inner vision. In the fourth chapter, I focus on the concept of “doppelgänger” which has evolved from the age of mythology to turn of the twentieth-century Vienna, outlining the context of doppelgänger. Then I compare and analyze the interpretation of Schiele′s double self-portraits under the psychoanalytic theory and the new meaning of doppelgänger in painting different from literature. This concept echoes Schiele′s embodiment of inner vision and his thoughts on portraits. The fifth chapter focuses on Schiele’s double portraits Hermit and Agony made in 1912, discussing and analyzing how he used the different elements of the Christian iconography, thereby affecting the viewer′s viewing experience, by looking into multiple religious elements feel their sacredness and internality in order to reflect what Schiele calls the “sensation of religion.” |
參考文獻 |
西文書目
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2. Barnstone, Deborah Ascher and others. The Doppelgänger. Bern: Peter Lang AG, 2016.
3. Bauer, Christian. Egon Schiele: Almost a Lifetime. Bern: Hirmer, 2015.
4. Beller, Steven. Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
5. Blackshaw, Gemma, et al. Facing the Modern: The Portrait in Vienna 1900. London: National Gallery London, 2013.
6. Braasch, August Heinrich. Die religiösen Strömungen der Gegenwart. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1909.
7. Comini, Alessandra, et al. Egon Schiele: Portraits. New York: Prestel, 2014.
8. Comini, Alessandra. Egon Schiele′s Portraits. Berkeley: University of California, 1969.
9. Crow, Thomas et al. Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002.
10. Edwards, Mary D. Doppelgangers, Alter Egos and Mirror Images in Western Art, 1840-2010: Critical Essays, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2020.
11. Everdell, William R. The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
12. Gaillemin, Jean-Louis. Egon Schiele: The Egoist. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007.
13. Gilman, Sander L. Psychological writings and letters. New York: Continuum, 1995.
14. Gronberg, Tag. Vienna: City of Modernity, 1890-1914. Bern: Peter Lang AG, 2007.
15. Hoffmann, E. T. A. Späte Werk. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1979.
16. Husslein-Arco, Agnes, et al. Egon Schiele: Self-Portraits and Portraits. Vienna: Prestel, 2011.
17. Janik, Allan and Stephen Toulmin. Wittgenstein′s Vienna. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996.
18. Junod, Philippe. Das Selbstportrait im Zeitalter der Photographie: Maler und Photographen im Dialog mit sich selbst. Bern: Benteli Verlag, 1985.
19. Kallir, Jane. Egon Schiele, The Complete Works: including a biography and a catalogue raisonné. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1990.
20. Kallir, Otto. Egon Schiele: Oeuvre-Katalog der Gemälde. Vienna: Paul Zsolnay, 1966.
21. Kandel, Eric R. The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain: from Vienna 1900 to the Present. New York: Random House, 2012.
22. Kapralik, Eduard et al. In Memoriam Egon Schiele. Wien: R. Lányi, 1921.
23. Leopold, Diethard and Elisabeth Leopold et al. Melancholie und Provokation: Das Egon Schiele Projekt. Wien: Brandstätter Verlag, 2011.
24. Leopold, Rudolf and Elisabeth Leopold. Egon Schiele: Letters and Poems 1910-1912 from the Leopold Collection. Vienna: Leopold Museum; Munich; New York: Prestel, 2008.
25. Rudolf Leopold. Egon Schiele: Paintings Watercolours Drawings. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1973.
26. Marten, Lorna. Shadow Lines: Austrian Literature from Freud to Kafka. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
27. Mathews, Patricia. Passionate Discontent: Creativity. Gender and French Symbolist Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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29. Nebehay, Christian Michael. Egon Schiele, 1890-1918: Leben, Briefe, Gedichte. Wien: Residenz Verl, 1979.
30. Neugebauer, Roman. Egon Schiele: An Illustrated Life. Mitterfels: Vitalis, 2014.
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33. Rank, Otto. The Double: the Psychoanalytic Study. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1971.
34. Roessler, Arthur. Briefe und Prosa von Egon Schiele. Wien, 1921.
35. Saez, Helena Pereña. Egon Schiele: “Das unrettbare ich”: Werke aus der Albertina. Cologne: Wienand, 2011.
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40. Soussloff, Catherine M. The Subject in Art: Portraiture and the Birth of the Modern. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.
41. Staggs, Janis. et al. Egon Schiele: Ronald Lauder and Serge Sabarsky Collection. Munich: Prestel, 2005.
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中文書目
1. 史蒂芬・貝萊爾(Steven Beller)著,《奧地利史》(A Concise History of Austria),黃豔紅譯,北京市:中國大百科全書,2009。
2. 卡爾・休斯克著(Carl E. Schorske),《世紀末的維也納》(Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture),黃煜文譯,台北:麥田,2002。
西文期刊
1. Ambrózy, Johann Thomas. “Das Geheimnis der „Eremiten“: Die Entschlüsselung einer Privat-Ikonographie und die Klärung des ursprungs der V-Geste von Egon Schiele“ Egon Schiele Jahrbuch Vol. I (2011): 10-57.
2. Ambrózy, Johann Thomas. “ Egon Schiele und Franz von Assisi: Die Lösung des hundertjährigen Rätsels um die mönchischen Gestalten des allegorischen Werkes. 1. Teil – Die Entschlüsselung der »Agonie«,“ Egon Schiele Jahrbuch Vol. II/III (2014): 30-69.
3. Blackshaw, Gemma. “The Pathological Body: Modernist Strategising in Egon Schiele’s Self-Portraiture,” Oxford Art Journal 30 (2007): 379-401.
4. Brendell, Ulrik. “Zwei Notizen über Egon Schiele,” Die Aktion: Wochenschrift für Politik, Literatur, Kunst 6 35-36(1916): 499-500.
5. Felton, Lori. “Doubling as a Device in Vienna 1900“, Egon Schiele Jahrbuch Vol. II (2014): 44-61.
6. Liegler, Leopold. “Egon Schiele,“ Die graphischen Künste, vol. 39, III (1916): 70-80.
7. Roessler, Arthur. “Kollektivausstellung Egon Schiele,“ Arbeiter-Zeitung 14 (1915): 9.
8. Vlachos, Georgios. “Monasticism, its birth, evolution and characteristics,” Pharos Journal of Theology 99 (2018): 1-20.
9. Werth, Eva. “Religion ist ihnen Empfindungsgrad, Zu Egon Schiele Lyrik und seinen Bildern,“ Egon Schiele Jahrbuch Vol. IV-VIII (2019): 110-137.
學位論文
1. Felton, Lori Anne., Egon Schiele’s Double Self Portraiture. Ph.D. Thesis: Bryn Mawr College, 2015.
網路資源
1. Austria-Forumhttp:<//austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Arthaber,_Rudolf_von>(2016/11/18檢索)。
2. Austria-Forumhttp:< http://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischer_Ausgleich >(2016/11/18檢索)。
3. Deutsche Fotothek:< http://www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/wer/16303521#%7Chome >(2016/11/18檢索)
4. Leopold Museum:< https://www.leopoldmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/114/hundertwasser-schiele >(2020/06/21瀏覽)
5. Online Etymology Dictionary:< https://www.etymonline.com/word/alter%20ego >(2018/3/28檢索)。
6. RACHEL′S:< http://rachelsband.rachelgrimespiano.com/discography/ >(2020/06/22瀏覽)
7. Wallpaper:< https://www.wallpaper.com/art/jean-michel-basquiat-egon-schiele-fondation-louis-vuitton>(2020/06/21瀏覽)
8. Wikipedia: < https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Roessler> (2016/10/23檢索)
9. Wikipedia:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Egon_Schiele>(2020/06/22瀏覽)
10. Zeno.org:< http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Jean+Paul/Romane+und+Erzählungen/Blumen-,+Frucht-+und+Dornenstücke >(2018/3/28檢索)。 |