以超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法檢測尿液中BTRs及BTHs的含量

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李彥柔(Yen-Jou Li) 查詢紙本館藏

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以超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法檢測尿液中BTRs及BTHs的含量

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摘要(中)

本研究開發一套具有快速、綠色化學的萃取方式檢測苯並三唑類化合物 (Benzotriazoles，簡稱BTRs) 與苯並噻唑類化合物 (Benzothiazoles，簡稱BTHs) 在人體尿液中所含濃度。由於BTRs及BTHs在工業製造、農業用品及家用產品的各個方面應用越來越廣泛，但近期研究指出，BTRs及BTHs在生物系統中不僅含有潛在的危害性，且藉由生物累積的方式，易對環境及人類造成負面影響。
本研究萃取方法是以超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法 (Ultrasonic−assisted DES liquid−liquid microextraction，簡稱USA−DES−LLME) 萃取人體尿液中共九種BTRs及BTHs衍生物，接著利用超高效液相層析串聯電灑游離 (+) −四極桿飛行時間質譜儀 (UHPLC−ESI(+)−QTOF−MS) 進行後續檢測。本方法中所利用的萃取劑為新興綠色化學溶劑，深共熔溶劑 (Deep Eutectic Solvents，簡稱DES)，因其具有低毒性、低成本、易回收且組合多樣性，取代以往有機溶劑的萃取方式，達到綠色分析化學的宗旨。而本研究以氯化膽鹼 (Choline Chloride) 為氫鍵接受者搭配苯酚 (Phenol) 為氫鍵供應者，以莫耳比1:2比例合成深共熔溶劑。
　　透過Multilevel Categoric Design 選擇實驗因子種類，以及使用Box−Behnken Design (BBD) 中的變異數分析 (Analysis of variance, ANOVA) 優化各項因子選擇實驗的最佳條件。本實驗方法最佳條件為：將1 mL的尿液經由酵素水解後，加入 0.25 mL 的萃取劑DES，經過6分鐘的超音波震盪後，加入氯化鈉 0.25 g，再以3000 rpm離心 7分鐘，取出上層的萃取液，加入甲醇至 1 mL，最後以2 µL進樣至UHPLC−QTOF−MS中進行檢測。
利用USA−DES−LLME方式，檢測九種BTRs及BTHs待測物的定量極限 (LOQ) 為 0.4−9.0 ng/mL；Inter−day 和Inter−day 的相對標準偏差 (RSD) 介於4 %−17 % 之間，而萃取回收率則介在 90 %−106 % 之間，表示本方法呈現良好的準確性及穩定度。在人體尿液檢測結果顯示，BTRs殘留濃度介於n.d−13.5 ng/mL之間，BTHs殘留濃度介於n.d.−23 ng/mL之間。

摘要(英)

Benzotriazole (BTRs) and benzothiazole (BTHs), a group of polar heterocyclic aromatic derivatives, have been classified as high production volume contaminants of emerging concern, especially since they are widely applied in household products as well as for industrial usages. High volume production may be indicative of a high level of exposure to humans and as having widespread effects on the environment.
This study describes a simple and environmental−friendly method for the rapid determination of five BTRs and four BTHs derivatives in human urine. The target analytes were effectively extracted from urine samples using a deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (DES−USA−LLME), and their determination were performed by ultrahigh−performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization (+) −quadrupole time−of−flight mass spectrometry. DESs are a group of novel “green” solvents, and their applications in sample pretreatment are appropriate for the requirements for green chemistry, environmental protection and sustainable development.
To overcome the challenges related to different experimental conditions, multivariate experimental design approaches conducted by means of a multilevel categorical design and a Box-Behnken Design were applied to screen and optimize parameters that have significant influences on the extraction efficiency of DES−USA−LLME. The developed method was validated, and provided low limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranging from 0.4 to 9 ng/mL; high precisions for both repeatability and reproducibility ranging from 3 to 12 %; and high accuracy (mean extraction recovery) ranging from 90 to 106 % at two spiked concentration levels. The developed method was then successfully applied for the analysis of BTRs and BTHs in human urine samples.

關鍵字(中)

★ 苯并三唑
★ 苯並噻唑
★ 超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法
★ 超高效液相層析質譜儀

關鍵字(英)

★ Benzotriazoles
★ Benzothiazoles
★ Ultrasonic−assisted DES liquid−liquid microextraction
★ UHPLC−ESI (+)−QTOF−MS

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xi
第一章前言 1
1-1研究源起 1
1-2研究目標 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2-1綠色化學溶劑 3
2-1-1離子液體 3
2-1-2深共熔溶劑 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) 5
2-2分散式液液微萃取法 8
2-2-1前言 8
2-2-2原理 8
2-2-3流程 9
2-2-4影響因素 10
2-2-5發展 12
2-2-6超音波輔助深共熔溶液液微萃取法 14
2-3 Core−shell管柱 15
2-4 BTRs和BTHs簡介 16
2-4-1 BTRs及BTHs用途 18
2-4-2環境流布 18
2-4-3對人體及環境的影響 19
2-4-4毒性研究 20
第三章實驗步驟與樣品分析 31
3-1實驗藥品與設備 31
3-1-1實驗藥品 31
3-1-2儀器設備 33
3-2實驗步驟 34
3-2-1標準品配製 34
3-2-2超高效液相層析串聯質譜儀參數設定 35
3-2-3質量校正 37
3-2-4深共熔溶劑合成 38
3-2-5超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法 39
3-3樣品採集 40
第四章結果與討論 41
4-1 UHPLC−QTOF−MS對待測物的測定 41
4-1-1待測物分析 41
4-1-2待測物之質譜圖 43
4-2深共熔溶劑探討 45
4-2-1深共熔溶劑的選擇 45
4-2-2深共熔溶劑的性質 47
4-3超音波輔助深共熔溶劑液液微萃取法最佳化條件探討 61
4-3-1單因子最佳化探討 61
4-3-2 Multilevel categoric design (MLCD) 66
4-3-3 Box-Behnken Design (BBD) 76
4-4檢量線及偵測極限 85
4-5方法精密度與準確度 86
4-6真實尿液之檢測 87
4-7萃取方法比較 92
4-8 Analytical Eco−Scale 94
第五章結論 97
第六章參考文獻 99

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指導教授

丁望賢(Wang-Hsien Ding)

審核日期

2021-7-2

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