| 摘要(英) |
According to the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) in the United States, any air pollutants that cause cancer or medical symptoms are called Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). To effectively assess and control emission sources of HAPs monitoring tools such as photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) can partially carry out long-term continuous monitoring of various air fugitive gases, but its capabilities still fall short to cover most key HAPs. PAMS can only measure ozone precursors and a selected few selected HAPs, such as 1,3-butadine benzene, toluene, ethybenzene and xylenes. In comparison, using GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can avoid the shortfalls of GC/FID and cover most of the key gaseous organic HAPs.
In response to the high humidity environment in Taiwan and the continuous monitoring of HAPs species, this study uses a self-assembled dewaterer (DW) instrument and thermal desorption device (TD) to couple with GC/MS/FID for continuously monitoring ambient HAPs in industrial zones. We first validated the self-assembled DW and TD device in accordance with the PAMS quality assurance (QA) criteria of method detection limits (MDL) and recoveries. In terms of the chromatographic performance, the peak tailing factors with our DW-TD are better than those resulted from the commercial counterpart for 88% of the target analytes. This finding indicates that the performance of the spectrum of the self-assembled DW-TD is comparable or even better than the commercial counterpart, and can be successfully used in PAMS and HAPs measurements.
In addition to the 54 hydrocarbons currently hourly monitorined by PAMS in Taiwan, the 87 HAPs lised in the off-line method of Taiwan EPA NIEA A505.12B can also be measured. After excluding the duplicate species, a total of 103 species can be monitored with hourly resolution. Using the column split technique to two separate capillary columns and dual detectors to maximize compound coverage, the DW-TD-GC/MS/FID system can both qualitatively and quantitatively measure 103 target compounds; thus, it has successfully combine both PAMS and HAPs instruments into one system.
By referring to the NIEA A715.16B method for QA specifications, including linearity (R2), daily accuracy (recovery), precision and MDL. The 103 target compounds showed linearity (R2) ranging from 0.991 ~ 1.000 for most HAPs, with 8 compounds less than 0.990. The precision and accuracy results showed that the RSD% was between 2.3 and 27.4%, and the recovery was between 86% and 139%, whereas the MDL is between 0.02 ~ 1.00. All quality assurance items are in compliance with the specifications set by the A industrial zone.
At the early stage of this research, field measurements by online DW-TD-GC/MS was carried out within an industrial complex (denoted as complex A) and validated by comparing with a PAMS establishment nearby The success of the validation motivated another field test at a location 1 km east of the industrial zone A, away from the hot zone of emissions. FID was then successfully connected in parallel with MS via the split technique to form the online DW-TD-GC/MS/FID system for the 103 target compounds, including the extremely volatile species of ethane, ethene and ethyne. As a result, both PAMS and HAPs which are targeted by the off-line NIEA 715 16B method, can now be combined into one one-line GC system. Emission control, source apportionment, and health risks of HAPs in industrial zones can now be more effectively assessed. |
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