剖視「女性為本」情趣用品商店：以香港為例

、線上人數：52

、訪客IP：18.119.133.138

姓名	倪甜慧(Tim Wai Martina Ngai) 查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	亞際文化研究國際學位學程
論文名稱	剖視「女性為本」情趣用品商店：以香港為例 (Unmasking Female-oriented Sex Shops: A Case Study of Hong Kong)
檔案	[Endnote RIS 格式] [Bibtex 格式] [相關文章] [文章引用] [完整記錄] [館藏目錄] [檢視] [下載] 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。
摘要(中)	本文回顧1970年代在美國的女性主義「性戰爭」以及後來發展以女性為導向的性用品商店，繼而探討於英美學術圈已有研究的「女性為本」（Female-oriented）性用品零售模式。曾有學者批評此模式強調順性別生理女性情慾商品化和高檔化，本文提供「女性為本」性用品零售模式在香港的案例研究。以過往商業例子作對比，觀察現時營運的「女性友善」（Female-friendly）性商店裝潢、柱狀按摩棒及震動器採購與加工包裝、以及性商店在不同年代在大眾媒體的曝光，我將提出女性為本的「女性友善」概念性用品業務的年代發展，闡述其與港英殖民與「女性友善」消費品味之關係，以及所研究對象與《淫褻及不雅物品管制條例》之間的拉鋸、矛盾與策略，提供一個東亞地區的實況與對照。我在個案研究如下：1）追跡2000年以來媒體對性用品與女性為本性商店的受歡迎程度增長； 2）比較2000年代與2010年代之間以女性為本的性用品商店發展差異； 3）提出港英殖民對性用品品牌採購及中產消費品味的反映； 4）探討香港性用品產業與《淫褻及不雅物品管制條例》管轄之間的矛盾、歷史與當前景況。「女性為本」性用品商業模式能否減低觸法風險，其品牌選購對否對香港女性主義運動造成影響，以及對推廣公共（談）性空間的影響。在擁有第一身工作經驗及得到行業內部人士的支持下，本文有望透過結合多元方法，運用英語、中文、粵語的資料，深入研究東亞地區的「女性友善」商業模式，並尋求從消費主義、商業營運與性解放倡議之間尋求一條出路。
摘要(英)	The paper first examines the Feminist Sex War in the 1970s and its impact on the emergence of women-oriented sex shops and reviews the development of the “female-friendly” sex toy retail model that has been discussed in Euro-American academia. Some scholars criticize the business model for intensifying commodification and gentrification of (cis-)female sexuality. This paper offers a case study on the female-oriented sex toy retail model in Hong Kong. By comparing closed and ongoing business examples, I pay attention to the differences in shop decoration, selection, and packaging of stick-shaped vibrators and dildos and media exposure between the 2000s and the 2010s. I point out the linkage between establishing “female-friendly” sex toy consumption, taste formation, and British coloniality and investigate the impact of the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance (COIAO) on my case study subject. The case study of Hong Kong is as follow: 1) Tracking the growth in popularity of female-friendly sex shops on media since 2000; 2) Comparing the difference between two generations of female-oriented sex shops: the 2000s and the 2010s; 3) Reviewing the British colonial influence on the sourcing and the middle-class taste construction for sex toys; and 4) Discussing the tension and difficulties between sex toy retail business and the COIAO in Hong Kong. Backed by first-hand working experience and interviews with industry insiders, the thesis hopefully offers an in-depth study on the current situation of the female-oriented sex-related business in East Asia. I attempt to seek the relation among Hong Kong feminist sex liberation advocacy, capitalist consumerism, and business-making in the female-oriented sex toy retail model. Using multi- and mixed methods in English, Chinese, and Cantonese, this paper interrogates whether the model could be a way out for the sex toy market to avoid legal complications, sustain their businesses, and expand the space of sexuality in the public sphere. The thesis ends by suggesting some angles for future research.
關鍵字(中)	★ 成人用品 ★ 性用品 ★ 情趣用品 ★ 香港 ★ 後女性主義	關鍵字(英)	★ sex toys ★ anti-obscenity law ★ Hong Kong ★ postfeminism
論文目次	Abstract i 中文摘要 ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures v List of Tables vi A remark vii Introduction 1 Background. Viewing Feminist Sexuality Tension from a Public Space 2 Limitations 13 Methodology Note 14 Chapter 1. A Historical Review of Sex Toy Business 17 “Friendliness” as a Mean in Expanding Sexuality in the Space of Consumption 34 Chapter 2. Two Generations of Female-oriented Sex Shops 40 Changing Visibility of Sex Shops 57 Chapter 3. Loi4lou2-ness and Construction of a “Female-Friendly” Taste 66 Development of the New Middle Class and Their Taste in Hong Kong since the 1980s 68 Significance of Sex Toy Brands Selection 70 (Loi4lou2) “Female-Friendly” Sex Toys - What are We Changing? 75 Chapter 4. Ambiguous Legitimacy of Hong Kong (Female-oriented) Sex Shops 79 Struggling for Legality of Selling Sex-Related Merchandise 92 Epilogue. A Rethink 101 References 110 Appendix 1. Consent Form 118 Appendix 2. Interview Questions (in Chinese) 119 Appendix 3. Media Coverage on Sex Toy and Sex Shops (2000-2020) (in Chinese) 126
參考文獻	Online Retail – A Study on Hong Kong Consumer Attitudes, Business Practices and Legal Protection. (2016). https://www.consumer.org.hk/ws_en/competition_issues/reports/2016/online-retail.html Abbas, A. (1997). Hong Kong: Culture and the Politics of Disappearance. Hong Kong University Press. Antoniou, A., & Akrivos, D. (2017). Obscenity and Prosecution Practice in the Twenty-First Century. In The Rise of Extreme Porn (1st ed., pp. 25-69). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48971-1_2 Attwood, F. (2005). Fashion and Passion: Marketing Sex to Women. Sexualities, 8(4), 392-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460705056617 Blichner, L. C., & Molander, A. (2008). Mapping Juridification. European Law Journal, 14(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00405.x Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press. Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR. (2009). Thematic Household Survey Report No. 43: Information Technology Usage and Penetration https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/C0000031/att/B11302432009XXXXB0100.pdf Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR. (2015). Thematic Household Survey Report No. 54: Information Technology Usage and Penetration https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/C0000031/att/B11302542015XXXXB0100.pdf Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR. (2021). Thematic Household Survey Report No. 73: Information Technology Usage and Penetration https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/C0000031/att/B11302732021XXXXB0100.pdf Chan, A. H.-n. (2000). Middle-class formation and consumption in Hong Kong. In C. Beng-huat (Ed.), Consumption in Asia: lifestyles and identities (pp. 98-134). Routledge. Chan, A. H.-n. (2008). Talking about ‘good sex’: Hong Kong women’s sexuality in the twenty-first century. In S. Jackson, J. Liu, & J. Woo (Eds.), East Asian sexualities : modernity, gender and new sexual cultures (pp. 195-215). Zed. Chang, Y.-j. (2003). 異色愛戀：玩具、士兵、王國一個情趣用品店的田野考察 National Dong Hwa University]. Hualian. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/pn98qm Chao, A. (1998). Invisible Power: Epistemology of Discourse on Unconventional Sexualities in Taiwan’s Newspress [看不見的權力：非生殖/非親屬規範性論述的認識論分析]. Mass Communication Research(56), 135-153. http://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.199801_(56).0008 Chiu, M.-c. (2017). De/sexing Hong Kong Law. Red Publish. Cho, J. M.-k., Ma, T., & Kam, L. (2019). Feminist activism in Hong Kong. In J. Liu & J. Yamashita (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of East Asian Gender Studies (pp. 95-105). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315660523 Cho, M.-w. (2004). Hong Kong Erotic History [有咁耐風流—香港百年情色史]. Luck Win Books. Chou, W.-s. (2001). Homosexuality and the Cultural Politics of Tongzhi in Chinese Societies. Journal of Homosexuality, 40(3/4), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v40n03_03 Coffey, J. (2020). Ugly feelings: gender, neoliberalism and the affective relations of body concerns. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(6), 636-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1658573 Comella, L. (2017). Vibrator Nation: How Feminist Sex-Toy Stores Changed the Business of Pleasure. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1168bnp Commerce and Economic Development Bureau. (2015). Review of the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance. Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Judiciary, & Office for Film, Newspaper and Article Administration. (2019). Update on the Review of the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance. Cooper, A., McLoughlin, I., & Campbell, K. (2000). Sexuality in Cyberspace: Update for the 21st Century. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 3(4), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493100420142 Crewe, L., & Martin, A. (2017). Sex and the city: Branding, gender and the commodification of sex consumption in contemporary retailing. Urban Studies, 54(3), 582-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016659615 Curtis, D. (2004). Commodities and Sexual Subjectivities: A Look at Capitalism and Its Desires. Cultural Anthropology, 19(1), 95-121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2004.19.1.95 Daneback, K., Månsson, S.-A., & Ross, M. (2011). Online Sex Shops: Purchasing Sexual Merchandise on the Internet. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2011.565112 de Freitas, C., Jordan, H., & Hughes, E. K. (2018). Body image diversity in the media: A content analysis of women′s fashion magazines. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 29(3), 251-256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.21 Dodson, B. (1972). Liberating Masturbation. Sensory Research Corp. https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/HRC/exhibition/stage/REX023_158.pdf Duffy, B. E. (2013). The New “Real Women” of Advertising: Subjects, Experts, and Producers in the Interactive Era. In M. P. McAllister & E. West (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Advertising and Promotional Culture (pp. 223-236). Routledge. Dworkin, A. (1981). Pornography: Men Possessing Women. Plume. Evans, A., Riley, S., & Shankar, A. (2010). Postfeminist Heterotopias: Negotiating ‘Safe’ and ‘Seedy’ in the British Sex Shop Space. European Journal of Women′s Studies, 17(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810368817 Evans, D. (1993). Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities. Routledge. Fahs, B., & Swank, E. (2013, 2013/12/01). Adventures with the “Plastic Man”: Sex Toys, Compulsory Heterosexuality, and the Politics of Women’s Sexual Pleasure. Sexuality & Culture, 17(4), 666-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9167-4 Favaro, L., & Gill, R. (2018). Feminism rebranded: women’s magazines online and ‘the return of the F-word’. Dígitos: Revista de Comunicación Digital (4), 37-65. https://doi.org/10.7203/rd.v0i4.129 Featherstone, M. (1987). Lifestyle and Consumer Culture. Theory, Culture & Society, 4(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327687004001003 Fisher, W., & Barak, A. (2000). Online Sex Shops: Phenomenological, Psychological, and Ideological Perspectives on Internet Sexuality. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(4), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493100420188 Fiske, J. (1989). Reading the Popular. Routledge. Genz, S. (2006). Third Way/ve:The politics of postfeminism. Feminist Theory, 7(3), 333-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700106069040 Genz, S., & Brabon, B. A. (2018). Introduction. In Postfeminism: Cultural Texts and Theories (pp. 1-22). Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1tqxv9w.4 Gill, R. (2009). Mediated intimacy and postfeminism: A discourse analytic examination of sex and relationships advice in a women′s magazine. Discourse & Communication, 3(4), 345-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343870 Glover, J. (2013). Taboo to mainstream: an industrial design solution to sex toy production Swinburne University of Technology]. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/401979 Glover, J. (2019). Design Culture in the sex toy industry: A new phenomenon. In G. Julier, A. V. Munch, M. N. Folkmann, H.-C. Jensen, & N. P. Skou (Eds.), Design Culture: Objects and Approaches (1st ed., pp. 115-130). Bloomsbury Visual Arts. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474289856.0016 Goldman, R., Heath, D., & Smith, S. (1991). Commodity Feminism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(3), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039109366801 Gould, S. J. (1991). Toward a Theory of Sexuality and Consumption: Consumer Lovemaps. In R. H. Holman & M. R. Solomon (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 18, pp. 381-383). Association for Consumer Research. Greer, G. (1971). The female eunuch. Paladin. Hong Kong Government. (1972). Hong Kong: Report for the Year 1971. hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom (1st ed.). Routledge. Jeffreys, S. (1990). Anticlimax: a feminist perspective on the sexual revolution. Women′s Press. Juffer, J. (1998). The Mainstreaming of Masturbation? Making Domestic Space for Women’s Orgasms. In At Home with Pornography: Women, Sexuality, and Everyday Life (pp. 69-103). NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qffzq.6 Kam, I. (2020). Being bitchy and feminine: unfolding the postfeminist account in Hong Kong’s CosmoGirl! Journal of Gender Studies, 29(4), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1707075 Ke, Z.-J. (2013). Obscenity, Pleasure, and Orgasm: The Transformation of Gender/Sexuality Scripts of Vibrators in Taiwan (1980-2012) National Taiwan University]. Taipei. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/9d9bm8 Kende, M. S., & Bishop, J. H. (2018). Two Decades of Obscenity and Free Speech Issues in Hong Kong, With a U.S. Comparative Perspective. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 46(2), 317-345. Kong, T. S.-k. (2004). Queer at Your Own Risk: Marginality, Community and Hong Kong Gay Male Bodies. Sexualities, 7(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460704040136 Lai, F. Y.-k. (2020). Maid to queer: Asian labor migration and female same-sex desires. Hong Kong University Press. Leonard, S. (2006). Pornography and Obscenity. In H. G. Cocks & M. Houlbrook (Eds.), Palgrave Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality (pp. 180-205). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501805_9 Levy, M., & Barton, A. W. (2018). Retailing management (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Lieberman, H. (2016). Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America. Enterprise & Society 17(2), 393-433. https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.97 Lindemann, D. J. (2006). Pathology Full Circle: A History of Anti-vibrator Legislation in the United States. Columbia journal of gender and law, 15(1), 326-326, 331-334. https://doi.org/10.7916/cjgl.v15i1.2522 Loong, Y. C.-w. (2006). Construction of femininity: contemporary gender discourse of international women′s magazines in Hong Kong (1997-2002) City University of Hong Kong]. Hong Kong. Lui, T.-l. (2003). Rearguard politics: Hong Kong′s middle class. The Developing Economies, 41(2), 161-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2003.tb00936.x Malina, D., & Schmidt, R. A. (1997). It’s business doing pleasure with you: Sh! A women′s sex shop case. Marketing intelligence & planning, 15(7), 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634509710367926 Man, E. K.-w. (2010). Luodi: zhongxi luoti yishu mingzuo shangxi [裸睇 : 中西裸體藝術名作賞析] (First ed.). Subculture Limited. Man, S.-w., Tsang, K.-t., & Ng, E. M.-l. (1990). Xing yu deyu [Sexuality and Moral Education]. Joint Publishing. Martin, A. (2013). Fifty Shades of sex shop: Sexual fantasy for sale. Sexualities, 16(8), 980-984. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713508901 Martin, A. (2016). Plastic fantastic? Problematising post-feminism in erotic retailing in England. Gender, Place & Culture, 23(10), 1420-1431. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1204994 Martin, F., & Lewis, T. (2016). Lifestyle Media in Asia: Consumption, Aspiration and Identity. In F. Martin & T. Lewis (Eds.), Lifestyle Media in Asia: Consumption, Aspiration and Identity (pp. 13-31). Taylor & Francis. McCaughey, M., & French, C. (2001). Women’s sex-toy parties: Technology, orgasm, and commodification. Sexuality and Culture, 5(3), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-001-1031-2 McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. SAGE Publications. Meika, L. (1998). "Dildos in our Toolboxes" The production of sexuality at a pro-sex feminist sex toy store. Berkeley journal of sociology, 43, 97-136. Meika, L. (1999). FEMINISM FOR SALE: Case Study of a Pro-Sex Feminist Business. Gender & society, 13(6), 705-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124399013006003 Menking, A. (2020). “The Rise of Femtech”. https://www.gendereconomy.org/the-rise-of-femtech Natarelli, M., & Plapler, R. (2017). Brand Intimacy: A New Paradigm in Marketing. Hatherleigh Press. Negra, D., & Tasker, Y. (2007). Interrogating Postfeminism: Gender and the Politics of Popular Culture. Duke University Press. Nixon, P. G. (2018). Hell Yes!!!!!: Playing Away, Teledildonics and the future of Sex. In P. G. Nixon & I. K. Düsterhöft (Eds.), Sex in the Digital Age (1st ed., pp. 201-211). Routledge. O‘Reilly, K. (2009). Key Concepts in Ethnography. SAGE. Ong, R. (2009). Policing Obscenity in Hong Kong. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 4(2), 154-161. Oxford English Dictionary. (2020). "sex, n.1". Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/176989?rskey=AKzgbB&result=1&isAdvanced=false Paasonen, S., Attwood, F., McKee, A., Mercer, J., & Smith, C. (2020). Objectification: On the Difference between Sex and Sexism. Taylor & Francis. Piha, S., Hurmerinta, L., Sandberg, B., & Järvinen, E. (2018). From filthy to healthy and beyond: finding the boundaries of taboo destruction in sex toy buying. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(4), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2018.1496946 Power, N. (2009). One-dimensional Woman. Zero Books. Rose, G. (2001). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. SAGE Publications. Rubin, G. (1992). Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality. In C. S. Vance (Ed.), Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (pp. 267-319). Pandora. Russo, A. (1998). Feminists confront pornography′s subordinating practices. In G. Dines, B. Jensen, & A. Russo (Eds.), Pornography: The Production and Consumption of Inequality (pp. 9-35). Routledge. Sanders-McDonagh, E., & Peyrefitte, M. (2018). Immoral geographies and Soho’s sex shops: exploring spaces of sexual diversity in London. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(3), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1453487 Smith, C. (2007). Designed for pleasure: Style, indulgence and accessorized sex. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075901 Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Tang, D. T.-s. (2011). Consumption Spaces. In Conditional Spaces: Hong Kong Lesbian Desires and Everyday Life (pp. 41-63). Hong Kong University Press, HKU. Tchepikova, O. (2014). The Power of Pleasure Devices: Sex Toys and Dominance in Society and Pop Culture. Gender forum(50), 77-96. http://genderforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ECRII_Complete_2014.pdf Tyler, M. (2011). Tainted love: From dirty work to abject labour in Soho’s sex shops. Human Relations, 64(11), 1477-1500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711418849 Tyler, M. (2012). ‘Glamour Girls, Macho Men and Everything In Between’: Un/doing Gender and Dirty Work in Soho’s Sex Shops. In R. Simpson, N. Slutskaya, P. Lewis, & H. Höpfl (Eds.), Dirty Work: Concepts and Identities (pp. 65-90). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230393530_5 Virtù, L. V. (2020). Displacing the Gender Binary Through Modes of Dis/Organizing: Sex Toys, Sexuality and Trans Politics [dis/organizing; do-it-yourself; gender; organization studies; sex toys; sexuality; social movement studies; trans politics; transgender studies; trans-organizing]. 2020, 8(3), 321-311. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i3.3016 Wieringa, S. (2012). Dildos: Passionate Aesthetics And The Plasticity Of Desires. In L. Manderson (Ed.), Technologies of Sexuality, Identity and Sexual Health (pp. 165-184). Routledge. Willis, E. (1992). Lust Horizons: Is the Women’s Movement Pro-Sex? In E. Willis (Ed.), No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays (New ed., pp. 3-14). University of Minnesota Press. Willis, E. (1992). Feminism, Moralism, and Pornography. In Beginning to See the Light: Sex, Hope, and Rock-and-Roll (New ed., pp. 219-227). University of Minnesota Press. Wilson, E. (1983). The Context of ′Between Pleasure and Danger′: The Barnard Conference on Sexuality. Feminist Review(13), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/1394680 Windels, K., Champlin, S., Shelton, S., Sterbenk, Y., & Poteet, M. (2020). Selling Feminism: How Female Empowerment Campaigns Employ Postfeminist Discourses. Journal of Advertising, 49(1), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2019.1681035 Winship, J. (1987). Inside Women′s Magazines. Unwin Hyman. Wong, A., & Zhang, Q. (2000). The Linguistic Construction of the Tóngzhì Community. Journal of linguistic anthropology, 10(2), 248-278. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2000.10.2.248 Wong, A. D. (2005). The reappropriation of tongzhi. Language in Society, 34(5), 763-793. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404505050281 Wong, L.-w. (2001). A study on the work of the obscene articles tribunal of Hong Kong from a human rights perspective The University of Hong Kong]. Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Wood, R. (2017). Consumer Sexualities: Women and Sex Shopping (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315447520 Yan, M. N. (2014). Obscenity and Indecency. In D. Weisenhaus (Ed.), Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals, Expanded Second Edition (2 ed., pp. 249-272). Hong Kong University Press.
指導教授	司黛蕊白瑞梅(Teri Silvio Amie Parry)	審核日期	2021-6-25
推文	facebook plurk twitter funp google live udn HD myshare reddit netvibes friend youpush delicious baidu
網路書籤	Google bookmarks del.icio.us hemidemi myshare

博碩士論文 106129002 詳細資訊