博碩士論文 107326009 詳細資訊




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姓名 梁紹庭(Shao-Ting Liang)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 環境工程研究所
論文名稱 2020年春季及秋季台中市PM2.5水溶性無機離子短時間變化特性
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摘要(中) 本文於2020年春季(4月22日至5月6日)及秋季(9月17日至9月25日)在中山醫學大學測站,利用半自動儀器觀測短時間(20分鐘)的PM2.5水溶性無機離子,結合鄰近環保署測站監測資料解析數據;此外,為了評估NH3的影響,於秋季採樣期間增加觀測NH3的短時間變化。
在春季前期(4月22日至4月27日)出現海風影響事件,Na+在4/27日以前總共出現了三次不同程度的高值,伴隨持續時間較長的西風,Cl-/Na+在海風期間平均為1.07,氯損失平均為19.14%,ISORROPIA II模式模擬結果,Na2SO4在海風影響期間有明顯的峰值。春季中期(4/27至5/2),高濃度事件的 NO2、NO及CO等前驅氣體濃度分別上升,推測為交通排放源,且高濃度為經由NO2二次反應形成的NH4NO3主導。春季後期(5月2日至5月6日),整體低濃度與NO2的二次反應減弱有關。另外從網站氣流場模擬(http://earth.nullschool.net)發現,春季中期開始(4/27)至春季後期(5/6)整個氣流的改變促成了污染物擴散。
秋季(2020年 9月17日至9月25日)的數據發現,在NH4+/SO42->1.5,隨著NH3(g)的濃度上升,NH4+的氣相與顆粒相分配比例ε(NH4+)有明顯的曲線關係,最後到達0.2較穩定的數值;ε(NH4+)分配比率降低推測與環境中的HNO3濃度缺乏有關,0.2為反應達到平衡點。另外,NH3的來源推測是來自植物露水的蒸發再加上鄰近工地的重機具。
秋季前期(2020年 9月17日至9月21日)第一次高濃度事件(ES1)是來自交通活動排放大量的前驅氣體,NO3-由光化反應生成。第二次高濃度事件, SO42-有一段峰值出現,NO3-則較為平緩,與ES1期間恰好相反,由於光化活動並沒有ES1強烈,即使在NH3充足濃度下,PM2.5濃度沒有高過ES1期間。在夜間低溫高濕且風速低的環境條件下,NO3-的峰值是由N2O5水解的異質反應為主導。
秋季後期(9月21日至9月25日)第一次高濃度事件期間,NH3不足且出現明顯的北風,濃度上升的主因應為來自外地傳輸。第二次高濃度事件風速低,顯示受外地傳輸的影響有限,PM2.5濃度的上升是由NO3-主導,但SO42-的高濃度與高占比提供了一個穩定的PM2.5濃度基本數值。從NO2-的數據發現,在相對濕度高於69%的條件下,NO2的液相反應對NO2-生成有重要影響,且大氣中供給鹼度的能力越強,越有利於NO2-的生成,但在相對濕度低於55%的情況下,NO2-主要形成機制應是由NO3-光解形成。
總結來說,本文發現台中都會地區受地形影響,吹南風有利於本地污染擴散,東北季風則利於外地污染傳輸,交通污染源對於PM2.5濃度的上升佔了主導地位。除了污染源和氣象因子外,春季高濃度NO3-產生化學反應機制由NO2二次反應形成的NH4NO3主導,秋季高濃度NO3-則是N2O5水解的異質反應,NH3濃度對污染物的生成有關鍵作用。
摘要(英) This study used a semi-automatic instrument to observe short-interval (20 minutes) PM2.5 water-soluble inorganic ions at the Chung Shan Medical University station and resolved the results by combining with monitoring data of the neighboring monitoring station of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in spring (4/22 to 5/6) and autumn (9/17 to 9/25) of 2020. In addition, short-term variations of NH3 were observed to evaluate the impact of NH3 in autumn.
In the early spring (4/22 to 4/27), sea-breeze events occurred, three high Na+ values with varying degrees accompanied by long-lasting westerly winds before 4/27. The Cl-/Na+ was averaged at 1.07 during the sea-breeze, and the average chlorine loss was 19.14%. Simulations from the ISORROPIA II model showed a pronounced Na2SO4 peak during the sea-breeze event. In the middle spring (4/27 to 5/2), a high-concentration event was observed with increased precursor gas concentrations such as NO2, NO, and CO, which was attributed to traffic emissions dominated by NH4NO3 from secondary reactions of NO2. In the late spring (5/2 to 5/6), the overall low concentration was related to the weakening of secondary reactions of NO2. In addition, the change of the entire airflow from the middle spring (4/27) to the late spring (5/6) enhanced the diffusion of pollutants based on flow field simulation from the website (http://earth.nullschool.net).
The data in autumn (9/17 to 9/25) showed that the concentration ratio of NH4+ gas to particle partition, ε(NH4+), decreased with an increase of NH3 in a curvelike relationship and finally reached at a relatively stable value of 0.2 for NH4+/SO42->1.5. The decrease of ε(NH4+) partition ratio is presumed to be related to the lack of HNO3 concentration in the environment, and 0.2 is the equilibrium point of the reaction. In addition, the sources of NH3 are conjectured to contribute from the evaporation of plant dew plus heavy machinery at the nearby construction site.
In the early autumn (2020 9/17 to 9/21), the first high-concentration event (ES1) was attributed to the emissions of a large amount of precursor gases from traffic activities and photochemical reactions in producing NO3-. During the second high-concentration event, SO42- was peaked in contrast to relatively flat NO3-, which was opposite to ES1. Since the photochemical activities were not as strong as ES1, the PM2.5 concentration was higher than the ES1 period, even under sufficient NH3 concentration. At night, NO3- peaks were presumed to be caused by the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 hydrolysis when the environment was under low temperature, high humidity, and low wind speed.
During the first high-concentration event in late autumn (9/21 to 9/25), NH3 was insufficient, and with noticeable northerly winds, the rising concentration was from external transport. During the second high-concentration event, the wind speed was low to limit outside transport. NO3- dominated the increase of PM2.5 concentration, but the high concentration and high proportion of SO42- provided a stable PM2.5 base concentration. From the measurements of NO2-, the liquid phase reactions of NO2 played an essential role in NO2- formation when the relative humidity was higher than 69%. And the more potent the ability of alkalinity supply in the atmosphere, the more the formation of NO2-. However, the primary formation mechanism of NO2- should be the photolysis of NO3- when the relative humidity is lower than 55%.
In summary, this study found that the topography of the Taichung metropolis tended to accumulate local pollution for the southerly wind and conducted an external pollution transport under the northeast monsoon. Traffic pollution sources dominated the increase of PM2.5 concentrations. In addition to pollution sources and meteorological factors, NH4NO3 formed from secondary reactions of NO2 dominated the chemical reaction mechanism of high-concentration NO3- in spring. In contrast, the high NO3- concentrations in autumn were attributed to the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 hydrolysis. The concentration of NH3 plays a crucial role in the formation of pollutants.
關鍵字(中) ★ 水溶性無機離子
★ 短時間量測
★ 氣膠高濃度事件
★ 台中都會區污染
關鍵字(英)
論文目次 目錄
摘要 II
Abstract IV
致謝 VI
目錄 VII
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 氣膠水溶性無機離子 3
2.1.1 WSIIs中和狀況及結合型態 3
2.1.2 WSIIs不同粒徑的機制及來源 4
2.1.3 WSIIs短時間變化 6
2.1.4 WSIIs季節性變化 9
2.1.5海鹽影響WSIIs 9
2.2 氣膠酸度 11
2.2.1 氣膠熱動力模式(ISORROPIA II & E-AIM) 11
2.2.2 氣膠pH值及含水量 12
2.3 都市前驅氣體 14
2.4 都市氣膠特性 18
2.4.1 都市硝酸根離子及硫酸根離子比值 21
2.4.2 亞硝酸鹽(NO2-)形成機制及來源 22
2.4.3 都市NOR與SOR變化 26
2.5 氣膠水溶性無機離子連續監測儀器 27
2.5.1 平行板濕式固氣分離器 28
2.5.2 不同即時氣膠WSIIs監測儀器結果比對 29
第三章 研究方法 31
3.1 研究架構 31
3.2 採樣地點與採樣週期 32
3.3 採樣儀器與方法 33
3.3.1 短時間氣膠WSIIs監測 33
3.4 大氣氣膠連續監測系統 38
3.4.1 半自動監測儀器 38
3.4.6 其他連續監測儀器 39
3.5 氣流軌跡模式(NOAA HYSPLIT) 40
3.6 ISORROPIA Ⅱ模式分析 41
3.7 硫氧化比值(SOR)與氮氧化比值(NOR) 42
3.8 採樣數據QA/QC 43
第四章 結果與討論 47
4.1 台中市中山醫學大學測站春季特殊事件探討 47
4.1.1 春季前期海風影響事件探討(4/22 12:00至4/27 0:00) 47
4.1.2 春季中期高濃度事件探討(4/27 0:00至5/2 18:00) 53
4.1.3 春季後期低濃度事件探討(5/2 18:00至5/6 0:00) 57
4.1.4 春季採樣中期vs後期風速風向及氣流軌跡探討 60
4.2 秋季高濃度事件與氨氣相關性探討 63
4.2.1 氨氣與銨根離子轉換率 63
4.2.2 氨氣在都市環境的來源及氨氣對硝酸鹽及硫酸鹽的生成影響 65
4.2.3 ISORROPIA II 模擬結果差異比較 (forward與reverse模式) 71
4.2.4秋季前期高濃度事件探討 72
4.2.5秋季後期高濃度事件探討 80
4.3中山醫學大學春季及秋季數據比較 87
4.3.1 春季及秋季日變化比較 87
4.3.2 水溶性無機離子占比比較 94
4.4亞硝酸根離子 96
第五章 結論 102
5.1 結論 102
5.2建議 107
參考文獻 108
附錄 121
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李崇德、周崇光、張士昱、蕭大智、許文昌(2019)”108年度細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)
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中國文化大學大氣科學系 大氣水文研究資料庫
指導教授 李崇德 審核日期 2021-10-1
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