低軌道衛星通訊系統的通道統計模型

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李勝義(Sheng-Yi Li) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

低軌道衛星通訊系統的通道統計模型
(Statistical Channel Model for Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Communication Systems)

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摘要(中)

在低軌道衛星通訊系統的性能分析議題上，不論是採用不同的調變系統架構或是傳輸通道模型，在許多研究文獻中均有完整的探討。然而這些研究大多著重在假設某個固定場景(scenario) 的情況下來分析系統的性能表現，而沒有著重在考慮該場景是否有可能發生，或是發生的機率為何。由於低軌道衛星的通訊鏈路的仰角及方位角會隨時間改變，且根據以往對衛星通訊通道的研究結果顯示，不同鏈路的通道衰落統計特性也會有所不同，因此若要求得整體系統的性能表現，有必要將每個通訊鏈路發生的機率以及該鏈路的通道統計特性納入考量。
而在另一方面，許多傳輸通道的模型，例如仰角相依的通道模型，也未將電離層閃爍納入考量，其主要困難的原因是電離層閃爍的現象與電波頻率、地磁擾動、太陽的活動(以黑子數多寡表示)、時間、季節以及衛星鏈路的電離層穿透點所對應的地磁緯度等因素有關，因此需要一個時變且與地面-衛星幾何關係相依的通道模型。
本論文提出了兩個低軌道衛星鏈路的統計模型，其一是只有考慮仰角分佈的仰角機率密度函數模型，其二是同時考慮仰角及方位角不同的衛星鏈路機率分佈函數模型。所得結果則是用於探討以多波束低軌道衛星為基礎的DS-CDMA 通訊系統在不同的通道環境下，如仰角相依的Rice-lognormal通道以及與仰角及方位角有關的電離層閃爍通道，系統的位元錯誤率表現，並比較單一衛星以及在星系架構下採用衛星分集系統的性能比較。

摘要(英)

System performance analysis of low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite based communication system, with different communication schemes and channel models, have been studied by many investigators. However, these studies have all been based on a fixed scenario for evaluating the system performance. The probability of occurrence of a given scenario due to the continuously changing elevation and azimuth angles has not been taken into consideration. To do so, appropriate probability distribution functions (PDFs) have to be studied.
Also, it has become more evident that ionospheric scintillation has to be taken into account in the evaluation of the performance of such global satellite communication systems. For most investigations, however, ionospheric scintillation has not been included in the proposed propagation channel models. The major difficulty lies in the fact that scintillation in the ionosphere varies according to radio frequency, day of year, time of day, ionospheric latitude and longitude, sunspot number, and magnetic activity. This requires a time-varying channel model that depends on earth-satellite geometry.
In this thesis, the probability distribution function for elevation angles and for satellite links consisting of both elevation and azimuth angles are derived based on earth-satellite geometry. The results are used to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance for LEO satellite based direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication systems under Rice-lognormal channel, which is characterized as elevation angle dependent, and under ionospheric scintillation channel, which is time-varying and is related to both the elevation and azimuth angles. Performance improvement due to satellite diversity is also examined.

關鍵字(中)

★ 衛星通訊
★ 仰角
★ 方位角
★ 電離層閃爍
★ 通道模型
★ 機率密度函數

關鍵字(英)

★ channel model
★ ionospheric scintillation
★ probability density function
★ azimuth angle
★ elevation angle
★ satellite communication

論文目次

Contents i
List of Figures iv
List of Tables vii
Acronyms & abbrev viii
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Fundamental Properties of Satellite Orbits 2
1.2.1. Kepler’s First Law 2
1.2.2. Kepler’s Second Law 3
1.2.3. Kepler’s Third Law 4
1.3. Definitions of Terms 5
1.4. Orbit Altitude Choices 7
1.4.1. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) 7
1.4.2. Low Earth Orbits (LEO) 7
1.4.3. Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) 8
1.5. Constellations 8
1.6. Earth-satellite Geometry 13
1.6.1. Spherical Geometry Laws 13
1.6.2. Determine Position of Satellites 16
1.7. Multi-spot Beam Geometry 21
1.8. Antenna Radiation Pattern 23
1.9. Summary 24
1.10. About This Thesis 25
1.10.1. Problem Statement and Scope 25
1.10.2. Contributions of This Thesis 25
1.10.3. Organization of This Thesis 26
2 Probability Distribution of Satellite Links 28
2.1. Ground-Based Satellite Observations 28
2.1.1. Satellite Ground Tracks 28
2.1.2. Probability Density Function of Subsatellite Points 29
2.2. Probability Density Function of Elevation Angles 34
2.2.1. Overview 34
2.2.2. The PDF of Elevation Angles in a Single Satellite Pass 37
2.2.3. The PDF of Maximum Elevation Angles 39
2.2.4. The PDF of Elevation Angles 46
2.3. Probability Density Function of Satellite Links 47
2.4. Elevation Angle Distribution in Satellite Diversity Strategy 49
2.5. Numerical Simulations 50
2.6. Summary 58
3 Performance Analysis Over Elevation Angle Dependent Rice-lognormal Fading Channel 59
3.1. System Outline 59
3.1.1. Satellite Link 59
3.1.2. Modulation Scheme 61
3.1.3. MAI Analysis 62
3.2. Propagation Channel Model 65
3.2.1. Overview 65
3.2.2. Elevation-angle-dependent PDF 66
3.3. BER Performance Analysis 68
3.4. Numerical Simulations 72
3.4.1. Single Satellite Case 72
3.4.2. Using Satellite Diversity 75
3.5. Summary 79
4 Performance Analysis over Ionospheric Scintillation Channel 80
4.1. Fundamental of Ionospheric Scintillation 80
4.2. Observational Evidence 83
4.2.1. Sunspot Number Dependence 83
4.2.2. Geomagnetic Disturbances Dependence 85
4.2.2.1. Kp Index 85
4.2.2.2. Dst Index 87
4.2.3. Frequency Dependence 87
4.2.4. Seasonal-longitudinal Dependence 88
4.3. WBMOD Ionospheric Scintillation Model 88
4.4. DS-CDMA Performance Analysis 95
4.4.1. System Model 96
4.4.2. BER Performance 96
4.5. Numerical Simulations 98
4.5.1. Single Satellite Case 98
4.5.2. Using Satellite Diversity 98
4.6. Summary 101
5 Conclusions 102
5.1. Summary 102
5.2. Achievements 103
5.3. Further Works 103
References 106

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指導教授

劉兆漢(Chao-Han Liu)

審核日期

2004-7-5

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