以光流為基礎之自動化表情辨識系統

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：41

、訪客IP：18.219.18.238

姓名

謝怡竹(Yi-Jwu Hsieh) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

資訊工程學系

論文名稱

以光流為基礎之自動化表情辨識系統
(An Optical-Flow-Based Automatic Expression Recognition System)

相關論文

★ 以Q-學習法為基礎之群體智慧演算法及其應用	★ 發展遲緩兒童之復健系統研製
★ 從認知風格角度比較教師評量與同儕互評之差異：從英語寫作到遊戲製作	★ 基於檢驗數值的糖尿病腎病變預測模型
★ 模糊類神經網路為架構之遙測影像分類器設計	★ 複合式群聚演算法
★ 身心障礙者輔具之研製	★ 指紋分類器之研究
★ 背光影像補償及色彩減量之研究	★ 類神經網路於營利事業所得稅選案之應用
★ 一個新的線上學習系統及其於稅務選案上之應用	★ 人眼追蹤系統及其於人機介面之應用
★ 結合群體智慧與自我組織映射圖的資料視覺化研究	★ 追瞳系統之研發於身障者之人機介面應用
★ 以類免疫系統為基礎之線上學習類神經模糊系統及其應用	★ 基因演算法於語音聲紋解攪拌之應用

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

近年來，臉部表情辨識是許多專家學者在研究發展的議題，本論文主要是發展一套自動化的表情辨識系統，可以從影像輸入之後自動化地偵測人臉、擷取特徵到表情辨識。藉由自動人臉偵測、特徵區域的概念與光流追蹤的方法，可以簡單快速地組成一套自動化的表情辨識系統，達成我們的目標。
大部分傳統的表情辨識系統是尋求自動追蹤臉部某些特徵(如眼角、眉尖、嘴角)的方法且以這樣的擷取特徵作為表情辨識的基礎。但是實驗的結果顯示影像品質、光線或其他干擾因素都會造成無法確實擷取臉部特徵，某些影像屬性的影響就足以造成不小的誤差，即使能夠克服也會付出一定的運算時間。雖然清楚的特徵點可以帶來極大的貢獻，但是臉部非特徵點的某些微小肌肉變化也可以讓人感覺出表情的變化，所以我們採用特定特徵區域且平均特徵點的做法，藉由這些特徵點在臉部的移動判別出人臉的表情。
根據這樣的構想，我們在取得一段序列影像之後，以第一張影像做人臉偵測，並依幾何比例關係取得雙眼及嘴巴三個特徵區域，為求特徵區域選取的正確性，我使用了Sobel邊緣偵測、水平投影兩方法，將三個特徵區域的範圍做更精確的選取。特徵區域定義完成之後，將特徵點做平均的分配，三個特徵區域共定義了84個點，接著利用光流(Optical Flow)演算法追蹤之後序列影像中的這84個點，追蹤完畢我們即可取得84個臉部移動向量，因此，基於這84個移動向量就可以進行表情辨識。我們的表情辨識系統包含兩個階段，第一個階段裡，訓練三個多層感知機來辨識三個區域（眉毛、眼睛和嘴巴）的基本動作單元，接著基於上述三個多層感知機的輸出，我們使用五個單層感知機來辨識基本情緒表情。最後我們以實驗來測試本表情辨識系統的效果，而且有不錯的結果。

摘要(英)

Recently, researchers have put a lot of efforts on the recognition of facial expressions. The goal of the thesis is to develop an automatic facial expression recognition system to automatically perform human face detection, feature extraction and facial expression recognition after the images are faded. Via the use of the automatic human face detection, the region of facial features and the optical flow tracking algorithm, we can construct an automatic facial expression recognition system to achieve our goal.
Most of the traditional facial expression systems are first to look for a way to automatically track some facial feature points (ex: canthus, eyebrows, and mouth) and then recognize expressions based on these extracted facial features. But experimental results exhibited that the facial features cannot always be obtained reliably because of the quality of images, illumination, and some other disturbing factors. Some properties of images contribute a lot of errors or bias and cost a lot of process time to overcome them if possible. Although the clear features can make a lot of contribution on the performance, we can also feel the changes of facial expression according to some slight muscle variations of facial area. So the way to utilize some specified feature regions and the uniform-distributed feature points is used to for the facial expression from the motion of these feature points.
After a series of images are derived, according to the proposed idea, the first frame is used to perform human face detection, and get the three feature regions (eyes and mouth) by their geometrical ratio relationships. To increase the accuracy of locating feature regions, the Sobel edge detection incorporated with the horizontal projection is used. After three feature regions have been located 84 feature points are uniformly distributed in the specified feature regions. Then we use the optical flow algorithm to track these 84 feature points on the following image series. Therefore, 84 facial motion vectors can be derived from the tracking procedure. Then the facial expression recognition is based on these 84 facial motion vectors. The facial recognition procedures involves in two stages. At the first stage, three multi-layer perceptrons are trained to recognize the action units in the eyebrow, the eye and the mouth regions. Then another five single-layer perceptrons are used to recognize the facial expressions based on the outputs computed from the aforementioned three MLPs. Experiments were conducted to test the performance of the proposed facial recognition system.

關鍵字(中)

★ 光流追蹤
★ 臉部動作編碼系統
★ 自動化表情辨識
★ 特徵區域
★ 人臉偵測

關鍵字(英)

★ Automatic Expression Recognition
★ FACS
★ optical flow tracking
★ feature region
★ face detection

論文目次

摘要 I
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第一章緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 論文架構 3
第二章表情辨識之介紹與探討 4
2.1 人臉偵測 4
2.2 特徵擷取 6
2.3 表情分類與辨識 7
2.4 臉部動作編碼系統 8
第三章系統架構與方法 11
3.1 系統架構與流程 11
3.2 人臉偵測 13
3.2.1 方法介紹 13
3.2.2 樣本結果 17
3.3 特徵區域及特徵點的選取 19
3.3.1 特徵區域選取 19
3.3.2 特徵區域精練 20
3.3.3 特徵點的定位 24
3.4 光流特徵點追蹤 25
3.4.1 方法介紹 26
3.4.2 樣本結果 29
3.5 基本動作單元的產生 31
3.6 情緒的辨識 35
第四章實驗結果與分析 37
4.1 人臉表情資料庫 37
4.2 動作元辨識結果與比較 38
4.2.1 相關論文辨識結果 38
4.2.2 本論文方法辨識結果與比較 39
4.3 情緒辨識結果與比較 42
4.3.1 相關論文辨識結果 42
4.3.2 本論文方法辨識結果與比較 43
4.4 自拍影片及自動辨識系統結果 47
4.4.1 表情模擬介紹 47
4.4.2 辨識及模擬結果 49
4.5 本論文方法辨識效能評估 51
第五章結論與未來展望 53
5.1 結論 53
5.2 未來展望 54
參考文獻 55

參考文獻

參考文獻
[1] 何明哲，「以模糊推論進行臉部動作元之分析與辨識」，東華大學資訊工程所，2004。
[2] 何坤鑫，「以光流為基礎之影像追循」，中山大學機械工程學系研究所，2001。
[3] 吳明衛，「自動化臉部表情分析系統」，成功大學資訊工程研究所，2003。
[4] 潘奕安，「低解析度影像序列知自動化表情辨識系統」，成功大學資訊工程所，2004。
[5] 蘇木春，張孝德，「機器學習：類神經網路、模糊系統以及基因演算法則」，全華，1999。
[6] M. S. Bartlett, J. C. Hager, P. Ekman, and T. J. Sejnowski, “Measuring Facial Expressions by Computer Image Analysis,” Psychophysiology, vol. 36, pp. 253-263, 1999.
[7] J. Y. Bouguet, “Pyramidal Implementation of the Lucas Kanade Feature Tracker Description of the algorithm,” Intel Corporation Microprocessor Research Labs.
[8] J. F. Cohn, A. J. Zlochower, J. J. Lien, and T. Kanade, “Feature-point tracking by optical flow discriminates subtle differences in facial expression,” in Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 396–401, April 1998.
[9] A. J. Colmenarez and T. S. Huang, “Face detection with information based maximum discrimination,” in Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 782-787, 1997.
[10] G. Donato, M. S. Bartlett, J. C. Hager, P. Ekman, and T. J. Sejnowski, “Classifying Facial Actions,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 21, No. 10, OCT. 1999.
[11] P. Ekman and W.V. Friesen, The Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for The Measurement of Facial Movement. San Francisco: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978.
[12] P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, Unmasking The Face. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1975.
[13] P. Ekman, Emotions revealed : understanding faces and feeling. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2003.
[14] P. Ekman, J. Hager, C. H. Methvin, and W. Irwin, “Ekman-Hager Facial Action Exemplars,” unpublished data, Human Interaction Laboratory, Univ. of California, San Francisco.
[15] R. F´eraud, O. J. Bernier, J. E. Viallet, and M. Collobert, “A Fast and Accurate Face Detection Based on Neural Network,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 42-53, Jan. 2001.
[16] Y. Freund and R. E. Schapire, “A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting,” Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol.55, pp. 119-139, 1997.
[17] C. Garcia and G. Tziritas, “Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging and wavelet packet analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. MM-1, no. 3, pp. 264-277, Sept. 1999.
[18] R. C. Gonazlez and R. E. woods, Digital image processing. 2nd. Addison-wesley, 1992.
[19] S. Hadi, A. Ali, and K. Sohrab, “Recognition of six basic facial expressions by feature-points tracking using RBF neural network and fuzzy inference system,” In Proceedings of IEEE International Multimedia Conference and Expo, pp. 1219-1222, 2004.
[20] R. L. Hsu, M. Abdel-Mottaleb, and A. K. Jain, "Face Detection in Color Images," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 696-706, 2002.
[21] T. Kanade and J. F. Cohn, Automatic Face Analysis http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~face/
[22] T. Kanade, J. Cohn, and Y. Tian, “Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis,” in Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Intelnational Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition,. Grenoble, France. 2000.
[23] L. L. Kontsevich and C. W. Tyler, “What makes Mona Lisa smile？” Vision Research, vol. 44, Issue: 13, pp. 1493-1498, June, 2004.
[24] J. Lien, T. Kanade, J. Cohn, and C. Li, “Detection, tracking, and classification of action units in facial expression,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol. 31, Issue: 3, pp. 131-146, May 2000.
[25] R. Lienhart and J. Maydt, “An Extended Set of Haar-like Features for Rapid Object Detection,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 900-903, Sep. 2002.
[26] B. D. Lucas and T. Kanade. “An investigation of smoothness constraints for the estimation of displacement vector fields from image sequences,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, pp. 565-593, 1986.
[27] M. J. Lyons, J. Budynek, and S. Akamatsu, “Automatic Classification of Single Facial Images.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 21, no. 12, Dec. 1999.
[28] L. Ma and K. Khorasani “Facial Expression Recognition Using Constructive Feedforward Neural Networks,” IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1588-1595, 2004.
[29] D. Maio and D. Maltoni, “Real-time Face Location on Gray-scale Static Images,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1525-1539, Sept. 2000.
[30] M. Pantie and L. J. M. Rothkrantz, “Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art,” IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1424-1445, 2000.
[31] R. W. Picard, Affective Computing, London: The MIT Press, 1997.
[32] H. A. Rowley, S. Baluja, and T. Kanade, “Neural Network-Based Face Detection,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23-38, Jan. 1998.
[33] H. A. Rowley, S. Baluja, and T. Kanade, “Rotation Invariant Neural Network-Based Face Detection,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 38-44, 1998.
[34] K. K. Sung and T. Poggio, “Example-Based Learning for View-Based Human Face Detection,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39-51, Jan. 1998.
[35] Y. l. Tian, T. Kanade, and J. F. Cohn, “Evaluation of Gabor-Wavelet-Based Facial Action Unit Recognition in Image Sequences of Increasing Complexity,” in Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 229-234, May. 2002.
[36] Y. l. Tian, T. Kanade, and J. F. Cohn, “Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis,” IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 23, no. 2, Feb. 2001.
[37] P. Viola and M. J. Jones, "Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features," in Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 511-518, Dec. 2001.
[38] H. Wu, Q. Chen, and M. Yachida, “Face Detection From Color Images Using a Fuzzy Pattern Matching Method,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 557-563, June 1999.
[39] Y. Yacoob and L. D. Davis “Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow.” IEEE Trans.on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 636-642, 1996.
[40] M. H. Yang, D. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja, “Detecting Faces in Images: A survey,” IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 34-58, Jaun.2002.
[41] M. H. Yang and N. Ahuja, “Detecting Human Faces in Color Images,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 127-139, Oct. 1998.
[42] K. C. Yow and R. Cipolla, “Feature-based Human Face Detection,” Image and Vision Computing, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 713-735, Sept. 1997.

指導教授

蘇木春(Mu-Chun Su)

審核日期

2005-7-15

推文