影響變壓器噪音與振動之因素研究

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姓名

徐昌鴻(HSU, CHANG HUNG) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

機械工程學系

論文名稱

影響變壓器噪音與振動之因素研究
(Research on Factors Affecting Noise and Vibration of Transformers)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2028-8-1以後開放)

摘要(中)

電力系統上最為重要的機電裝置為變壓器(Transformer)，其產生的低鳴噪音聲讓人們難以忍受，本論文旨在研究影響變壓器噪音(Noise)及振動(Vibration)的因素，以期在設計上提出影響噪音因素方案。變壓器噪音與振動根源基本上來自於軟磁性材料，但是對於磁性與噪音間的真實關係鮮少有研究作探討，故本論文針對軟磁性材料磁致伸縮(Magnetostriction, λ)大小與磁滯迴線(Hysteresis loop)矩形比SR (Squareness ratio, B_r/B_s)、鐵心容積大小、以及高頻率鐵心腳不同型態磁通密度分佈特徵研究其對噪音與振動的影響。文中首先藉由磁致伸縮儀量測磁致伸縮特性，取得材料受到磁化後材料長度尺寸伸縮變化；再者，以振動樣本分析儀量測磁滯迴線參數包含飽和磁通密度(Saturation magnetic flux density, B_s)、矯頑磁力(Coercive force, H_c)與剩磁(Demagnetization remanence, B_r)及矩形比等參數，確認所使用材料的磁性參數，以進一步研究探討影響變壓器噪音與振動因素關係。本論文之實驗中設計多種類不同軟磁性鐵心變壓器研究實驗個案，包含不同軟磁性材料矽鋼片(Silicon steel)與非晶質合金(Amorphous alloy)等製成鐵心、討論不同變壓器容量（介於1kVA至60MVA）、不同鐵心重量、不同線圈重量等電力型變壓器進行噪音與振動研究。最後對於工業界經常應用的中頻變壓器(Medium frequency transformer, MFT)提出設計模擬與製造討論，以非晶質鐵心與複合式鐵心(SA1、HB1及HB1-M)探討電子變壓器噪音與振動影響。本研究貢獻著重於提出超大型電力變壓器雖以磁致伸縮與鐵心體積大小為主要影響變壓器噪音的因素；對於極小型電子式非晶質鐵心變壓器顯示鐵心型態包含鐵心腳、鐵心長度以及鐵心彎曲轉角等結構對噪音亦有所影響，將進行討論與分析。

摘要(英)

The most important electromechanical device in a power system is a transformer. However, the low-pitched noise it produces is unbearable to people. This paper aims to study the factors affecting the noise and vibration of the transformer to propose a scheme for mitigating the noise in the design of the transformer. The soft magnetic materials are the source of transformer noise. However, studies on the relationship between magnetism and noise are limited. Therefore, this paper focuses on the magnitude of magnetostriction (λ) and hysteresis loop of soft magnetic materials. Hysteresis loop (or B-H curve), squareness ratio, core volume size, and high-frequency core leg different types of magnetic flux density distribution characteristics to study their impact on noise and vibration. In this paper, the magnetostrictive characteristics of the core are measured by a magnetostrictive instrument, and the change in dimensions of the material after magnetization are obtained. The hysteresis loop parameters such as saturation magnetic flux density (Bs), coercive force (Hc), demagnetization remanence (Br), and squareness ratio (Br/Bs) are measured via a vibrating sample analyzer to confirm the magnetic parameters of the materials used. Furthermore, this study explores the relationship between the factors affecting the noise and vibration of the transformer. In the experiment, a variety of different soft magnetic core transformers are designed, including cores fabricated of different soft magnetic materials such as silicon steel sheets and amorphous alloys. Different transformer capacities (between 1kVA and 60MVA), core weights, and the effects on noise and vibration in power transformers with different coil weights have been analyzed. Lastly, the design simulation and manufacturing discussion of intermediate frequency electronic transformers often used in the industry have been proposed, and the impact of noise and vibration on electronic transformers with amorphous cores and composite cores (SA1, HB1, and HB1-M) has been discussed. This research concludes that hysteresis expansion and core volume are the primary factors affecting transformer noise in ultra-large power transformers; for extremely small electronic amorphous core transformers, the core parameters including legs, length, and bending structures such as corners and core lengths also have an impact on noise, which has been discussed and analyzed simultaneously.

關鍵字(中)

★ 變壓器
★ 振動
★ 噪音
★ 磁致伸縮
★ 磁滯迴線
★ 矩形比

關鍵字(英)

★ Transformer
★ vibration
★ noise
★ magnetostriction
★ hysteresis loop
★ squareness ratio

論文目次

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
第1章緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2研究背景 1
1.3文獻回顧 2
1.3.1鐵心與線圈結構 3
1.3.2磁致伸縮 6
1.3.3磁致迴線 9
1.3.4變壓器噪音設計考量 10
1.4研究動機與目的 17
1.5研究方法與步驟 18
第2章磁性材料特性與量測 20
2.1矽鋼片材料磁特性的量測方法 20
2.1.1材料磁性量測設備介紹 20
A. 磁滯迴線量測原理 20
B. 磁致伸縮量測原理 21
2.2矽鋼片材料特性量測結果. 21
2.2.1矽鋼片磁滯迴線B-H 21
2.2.2矽鋼片磁致伸縮 24
2.3非晶質合金磁特性量測 24
2.3.1非晶質磁滯迴線B-H 24
2.3.2非晶質磁致伸縮 26
第3章變壓器不同磁性鐵心規格噪音特性之量測與討論 27
3.1變壓器噪音之經驗公式 27
3.2變壓器磁性噪音量測方法 29
3.2.1單一鐵心施加締緊力噪音量測方法 29
3.2.2組裝後成品變壓器噪音量測方法 32
3.3變壓器與鐵心磁性噪音實驗結果與討論 34
3.3.1實驗1：鐵心施加締緊力之噪音實驗 34
3.3.2實驗2：矽鋼片與非晶質鐵心變壓器噪音實驗 37
3.3.3實驗3：不同鐵心與線圈尺寸規格設計之噪音實驗 39
3.3.4實驗4：不同鐵心重量之噪音實驗 40
3.3.5實驗5：不同矽鋼片材料(27ZH100/30ZH105)對噪音影響 42
第4章　中頻薄型非晶質合金鐵心振動與噪音研究 43
4.1中頻變壓器於電路配置功能 43
4.2中頻MFT鐵心結構與模擬 44
4.2.1鐵心結構建模 45
4.2.2模擬結果與討論 46
4.3噪音與振動實驗平台 50
4.4薄型非晶質鐵心噪音與振動實驗結果與討論 51
4.5複合式鐵心設計、製造與實驗 54
第5章結論 58
5.1結論 58
5.2未來展望 58
參考文獻 59
表目錄
頁次
表2-1 磁特性樣本(27PH100、27ZH100與30ZH105)量測數據 23
表2-2 磁特性樣本(非晶質SA1、HB1與HB1-M)量測數值 26
表3-1 量測鐵心噪音計與振動計規格 31
表3-2 矽鋼片鐵心於相同材料與容量設計下噪音結果比較表 40
表3-3 矽鋼片鐵心於相同材料下，不同大小容量之噪音比較表 41
表3-4 矽鋼片鐵心相同重量下，相依於不同材料及不同容量噪音比較表 42
表4-1電氣參數設定：包含輸入電壓源、頻率、匝數與電阻等 46
表4-2軟磁性鐵心參數設定：包含導電率、相對介電常數、磁通密度等 46
表4-3鐵心於空氣介質參數設定：包含導磁係數、導電率、熱膨脹係數等 46
表4-4 非晶質SA1鐵心腳通密度分佈統計 49

圖目錄
頁次
圖1-1台灣電力系統於電力變壓器配置示意圖 2
圖1-2位於美國西雅圖電力變壓器安裝鄰近城市之案例 2
圖1-3變壓器結構示意圖：(a)單相內鐵型(鐵心在內部)、(b)單相外鐵心(鐵心在外部)、(c)三相內鐵型、(d)三相外鐵型 4
圖1-4變壓器鐵心實體圖：(a)單相外鐵型、(b)單相內鐵型、(c)三相外鐵型(五腳)
、(d)三相內鐵型(三腳) 4
圖1-5變壓器鐵心搭接結構：(a)鐵心組裝完整型態、(b)鐵心L型搭接結構示意
、(c)鐵心T型搭接結構示意、(d)鐵心階梯疊積示意、(e) 階梯疊積實體圖
5
圖1-6相同同等級矽鋼片材料由不同廠家生產與退火製程其磁致伸縮特性 7
圖1-7鐵磁性材料特性曲線：(a) 磁致伸縮曲線、(b) 磁滯迴線 8
圖1-8鐵磁性材料經無磁場退火、橫磁退火和縱磁退火後的磁致伸縮曲線：
(a)材料滾軋與退火方向、(b)三種不同退火方法磁致伸縮 9
圖1-9噪音設計與磁性關係示意圖：(a)磁通密度對應不同鐵心材料、
(b)噪音與變壓器成本比例（%） 10
圖1-10 鐵心尺寸與噪音關係：(a)鐵心尺寸規格、(b)疊積鐵心直徑與噪音關係 11
圖1-11 變壓器外殼底部防振材料：(a)不同襯墊材質實驗結果、
(b)襯墊材質避免共振倍頻材料試驗、(c)噪音量測結果 12
圖1-12 鐵心搭接結構與噪音關係：(a)捲鐵心搭接結構、(b)柱狀式鐵心搭接結構、
(c)傳統CSL與多階NSL結構鐵心與變壓器之噪音量測結果 13
圖1-13變壓器中的噪聲產生和振動傳遞：(a)變壓器產生噪音路徑、
(b)鐵心與搭接結構、(c)噪音映射至鐵殼外路徑示意圖 14
圖1-14 大型變壓器特性量測與環境 15
圖1-15 變壓器中的噪聲產生和振動傳遞：(a)變壓器產生噪音路徑、(b)變壓器噪音由內至外幅射路徑示意圖 17
圖1-16 特高壓345kV大型變壓器特性量測與環境 17
圖2-1 軟磁性矽鋼片鐵心磁特性量測，包含磁滯迴線B-H與磁致伸縮λ(ppm)：
(a)-(b)為27PH100、(c)-(d)為27ZH100、(e)-(f)為30ZH105與(g)-(h)為23ZDMH90
23
圖2-2 量測軟磁性材料磁特性B-H與λ_s：(a)-(b)為非晶質合金SA1、(c)-(d)為非晶質合金HB1、(e)-(f)為非晶質合金HB1-M 25
圖3-1 變壓器450kVA半成品鐵心的締緊壓力實驗：(a)裸鐵心實驗電路圖、(b)締緊節點共十處位置、(c)測試鐵心實體 30
圖3-2 疊積後的鐵心以夾具進行締緊關係示意圖 31
圖3-3 變壓器測試電路圖 32
圖3-4 變壓器測試：(a)噪音量測節點、(b)測試實體環境 33
圖3-5 噪音實驗-鐵心450kVA容量變壓器實驗結果：(a)60Hz、(b)50Hz 35
圖3-6 鐵心450kVA容量變壓器實驗結果：(a)60Hz、(b)50Hz 37
圖3-7 三相配電變壓器容量1MVA製造與組裝：(a)非晶質鐵心、(b)線圈、(c)半成品AT組裝變壓器、(d)完成品變壓器 38
圖3-8 不同鐵心變壓器噪音量測結果 39
圖4-1 中頻變壓器於轉換器間關係 43
圖4-2 中頻變壓器鐵心設計：(a)鐵心不同類型、(b)鐵心磁力線路徑示意 45
圖4-3 非晶質合金SA1三角形鐵心FEA模擬結果：(a)60Hz、(b)3,000Hz 47
圖4-4 非晶質合金SA1正方形鐵心FEA模擬結果：(a)60Hz、(b)3,000Hz 48
圖4-5 非晶質合金SA1長方形鐵心FEA模擬結果：(a)60Hz、(b)3,000Hz 48
圖4-6 非晶質合金SA1圓形鐵心FEA模擬結果：(a)60Hz、(b)3,000Hz 48
圖4-7 非晶質合金SA1橢圓形鐵心FEA模擬結果：(a)60Hz、(b)3,000Hz 49
圖4-8 非晶質SA1鐵心於中頻率運轉實驗架構圖 51
圖4-9 不同形態非晶質SA1鐵心噪音60-3kHz特性 52
圖4-10 不同形態非晶質SA1鐵心振動特性：(a) 60Hz下振動FFT轉換、(b)3kHz下振動FFT轉換 54
圖4-11 複合式非晶質鐵心噪音特性：編號項次1至5種類形鐵心層疊結構 55
圖4-12 複合式非晶質鐵心於不同鐵心結構量測噪音60Hz至3kHz結果 55
圖4-13 複合式非晶質鐵心於不同結構形態振動FFT倍頻特性：(a)低頻噪音60Hz、(b) 高頻噪音3kHz振動 57

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指導教授

黃以玫(HUANG, YI-MEI)

審核日期

2023-8-10

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