摘要： This study uses multiple satellite data sets to evaluate seasonal simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over Central and Eastern Pacific. Experiments with five different convective parameterizations all show reasonably good performance for precipitation simulations. However, large discrepancies exist in the model‐simulated ice clouds compared to CloudSat observations. Underestimations of ice clouds, mainly snow and graupel, are present in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in all the experiments compared to CloudSat. In the ITCZ, all the experiments show a systematic overestimation of outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere and downward shortwave radiation at the surface, along with biased cloud cooling in the middle and upper troposphere and biased cloud warming in the lower troposphere. Vertical motion is enhanced in the ITCZ compared to reanalysis. A weaker low‐level circulation over the midlatitude oceans is evidenced in all simulations with an eastward overextension of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and overestimated moisture over the Southern Hemisphere oceans when compared to Special Sensor Microwave/Imager observations. Sensitivity experiment demonstrates that doubling the radiative effect of snow can reduce high biases in vertical motion within the ITCZ and improve the large‐scale circulation and moisture over the midlatitude oceans. Key Points Underestimations of ice clouds are observed in the WRF experiments The experiments show systematic biases in radiation, moisture, and circulation Doubling the radiative effects of snow improves simulations in moisture and circulation 其他題名： J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 出版者： Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 出版日期： 2015-10-27 出處： Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres, 2015-10, Vol.120 (20), p.10,664-10,680 資源來源： Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Journals 版權： 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. 識別號： ISSN: 2169-897X 識別號： ISSN: 2169-8996 識別號： EISSN: 2169-8996 識別號： DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023561
