| 摘要: | 西元1368年，朱元璋以平民之身崛起，建立明王朝，爲了在亂世中建立新的國家秩序，他厲行嚴刑峻法。對於協助建國之功臣，則予以封賞，其中尤以胡惟庸、李善長為首的淮西功臣集團封賞最高、權勢最盛，驕恣不法情形亦日益嚴重。 洪武十三年(1380)，胡惟庸、陳寧、涂節等人以結黨擅權罪名誅死。隨後朱元璋即革中書省、改大都督府為五軍都督府、廢御史臺，隔兩年改立都察院。三府之廢改，將所有軍政大權集中於皇帝一人，達成朱元璋心中理想之專制政體。二十三年(1390)，李善長因曾與胡氏相善而以結黨謀逆罪誅死，隨後掀起大獄，曾與胡、李二人交結之功臣、俱坐黨禍，誅死者甚眾，史上將胡、李二案合併稱為「胡惟庸黨獄」。 洪武二十五年(1392)，太子朱標病逝，爲維護朱氏政權，同為淮西功臣集團成員的藍玉成為目標，二十六年(1393)，朱元璋再度興獄，大肆誅戮以藍玉為首的功臣武將，並藉機剷除地方反對勢力，株連蔓延之廣，超過萬人，史稱「藍玉黨獄」。 胡藍黨獄，二次黨禍，使得當初協助建國之功臣宿將幾乎誅戮殆盡，國家權力中心大幅轉移，武臣勢力式微，各親王陸續受封就藩後，漸掌軍權，以至於後來靖難役成，皇權易位。二獄之影響，不可謂不重要。本文將透過二獄背景分析、案發過程與部分疑點考定，探討明初屢興大獄之成因與分析胡藍黨獄後的發展及對洪武後期政治社會層面之影響。 Despite his humble origin, Zhu Yuan-Zhang finally established the Ming Dynasty in 1368, A.D. and enforced draconian laws and severe punishment aiming at build a new state order in chaotic period. Distinguished persons for the foundation of the state were all rewarded by him, the foremost ones were Huai Xi Honored Vassal Group leaded by Hu Wei Yong and Li Shan Zhang, which later resulted in their increasing arbitrariness. In 1308, A.D, Hu Wei-Yong, Chen Ning, Tu Jie and others were executed for cliquing and abusing Zhu Yuan-Zhang’s power together for usurping power. Thereafter, Zhu Yuan-Zhang abolished Secretariat, replaced the Great Governor-General with Five Chief Military Commissions, abolished the Yushitai, and set up Duchayuan 2 years later. The abolishment and replacement of three organizations made the military power in the hands of the Emperor alone, which was the optimal dictatorial system in Zhu Yuan-Zhang’s heart. In 1390 A.D, Li Shan-Zhang was put to death for his friendship with Hu Wei-Yong, thus stirred up a large scale prison storms, many meritorious persons were sentenced to death for being related to Li and Hu. The two cases of Hu Wei-Yong and Li Shan-Zhang were collectively known as “Jail for Hu Wei-Yong Clique” in history. In 1392, A.D, The Prince Zhu Biao died of illness. In order to maintain Zhu’s political power, Zhu Yuan-Zhang took aim at Lan Yu, a member of Huai Xi Group and in 1393, A.D, Zhu stirred up the killing again, made massive slaughter of meritorious military officer led by Lan Yu, and taking this opportunity to smash local counterforce. Over 10,000 persons were involved in this case, known as “Jail for Lan Yu Clique” in history. Through Hu and Lan’s two prison accidents, persons for the foundation of the state were nearly kill out. The state’s power center were transferred massively, military officers’ power became weak. Therefore, after many infantes were awarded as seigniors and gradually in control of the armed forces, they launched a military coup (Jing Nan Revolt) and controlled the royal court. The 2 jails for the political cliques influence can’t be ignored. This paper will discuss the causes of prison accident stirred up repeatedly in early Ming Dynasty, analysize the development after Hu and Lan’s prison accident and its influence to political society level in the late period of Hongwu years through analysis of the Two Jails for the political cliques and research in the doubtful point during the case process. |
