| 摘要: | 明神宗朱翊鈞幼年即位，張居正十年輔政期間，雖爭議不斷，但明朝國政日起有功，卻是不爭的事實。時至萬曆十年（1583），張居正因病過逝，神宗獨覽大權，明朝國勢自此日益衰敗，至明萬曆後期朝政已大非。 本文採歷史研究方法，廣泛的收集史料，再加以篩選、比對、分析，並歸納與于慎行有關的史料。首先透過史料的蒐集，包括正史、奏疏、文集、筆記、地方志、傳記……等，以明代一手史料為核心，再輔以近代相關二手史料，來探究于慎行的生平及其著作。 于慎行政治思想頗為豐富，但政績乏善可陳，先後三次罷官。萬曆五年（1577），張居正「奪情」事件，慎行與居正理念不合，以身體不適為由辭職返鄉，直至萬曆十年（1582）張居正逝世才重新起而任事。萬曆十八年（1591），慎行位居禮部尚書，神宗怠政、國本之爭等事，慎行力不從心，萬曆十九年（1592）被迫辭職返鄉。萬曆三十三年（1605），慎行重返朝廷任職，執掌詹事府，又以不適任為由，再次離職返鄉。 慎行歸臥期間，完成文學及史學著作。文學上，透過慎行所著《穀城山館詩集》，了解其文學思想及內涵，詩中多是抒發個人政治失意、反應社會現實、寄情自然山水為主，對於研究明代歷史及社會有所助益。史學上，藉由《讀史漫錄》、《穀山筆塵》等著作，可知其史學視野及成就，文中多半是藉古喻今，抒發政治上的失意，諷刺明代政治腐敗，並提出國政建言，為當代及後世史學建立卓越的貢獻。 Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at his childhood. Despite the ever-going disputes, during the ten years when Zhang Juzheng assisted in governing the country, it was an undisputable fact that the Ming dynasty kept progressing day by day. In the tenth year of the Wanli Period (1583AD), Zhang Juzheng died of illness, meanwhile Ming Shenzong arrogated all powers to himself. Since then it came to the gradual decline age of the Ming dynasty, and to the later stage of the Wanli Period, the situation was beyond salvation. By means of historical research, this paper, by extensively collecting, screening, comparing and analyzing the historical data, concludes historical information related to Yu Shenxing. It explores the life and all masterpieces of Yu Shenxing through the collection of historical data which includes the official history, memorials to the throne, collected works, notes, local chronicles, biographies, and so on, centered with primary historical data for the Ming Dynasty and supplemented with secondary information in modern times. Yu Shenxing had rich political thoughts. However, he didn’t get luster political performance since he had resigned for three times. In the fifth year of the Wanli Period (1577AD), on the political event of Zhang Juzheng’s “Duoqing”, because of holding different opinions with Zhang Juzheng, Yu Shenxing resigned and returned hometown on the pretext of bad health. It was not until the tenth year of the Wanli Period (1582AD) when Zhang passed away that he resumed his post. In the eighteenth year of the Wanli Period(1591AD), Yu Shenxing served as the Minister of Rites. Because of Ming Shenzong’s neglect of administrative duties and the rivalry over the throne between the heirs, Yu Shenxing found his strength fell short of his will. Thus, he was forced to resign again in the nineteenth year of the Wanli Period (1592AD). In the thirty-third year of the Wanli Period (1605AD), Yu Shenxing returned to the court and took charge of the Household Administration of the Heir Apparent, but later on, he left office once again on the excuse of incompetence. During his retirement, Yu Shenxing created literary and historical masterpieces. In literature, his literary ideas and thoughts are reflected in his “Gucheng Cottage Poetry”. These poems are mainly about expressing his personal frustration in politics, displaying the social reality and placing his emotions onto the nature, which serve as useful materials for the study of the history and the society of the Ming dynasty. In historic aspect, his historical perspective and achievements are reflected in his works like “On Reading History” and “Gushan Notes” which mainly narrate anecdotes of the past in alluding to the present, express his frustration in politics, satirize the political corruption of the Ming Dynasty and put forward his suggestions on the management of state affairs. All these have made outstanding contributions to the history of the modern and future ages. |
