| 摘要: | 土地為人類生存不可或缺的基本要素，土地問題是起因於人地關係失調，為使調整人地關係，使地能盡其用、人共享其利，要制訂計畫或方案，以解決土地問題，即為土地政策。因為中國數千年來的土地失調，造成土地集中在少數人手上，於是用解決群眾土地問題為口號，就成為毛澤東動員大批農村農民的最佳利器。 1927年毛澤東上到井岡山上，設農民協會以發動群眾，打土豪、分浮財，建立工農武裝根據地，成立蘇維埃政權，於井岡山時期在湘贛邊界農村累積土地革命經驗。1928年12月頒布〈井岡山土地法〉將土地政策訴諸條文，因為「沒收一切土地」的不正確，緊接著於1929年4月毛澤東又制定〈興國土地法〉修正為「沒收一切公共土地及地主階級的土地」。並且為了滿足農民要求、提高農民支持，將土地所有權政策從土地國有到土地農有的政策性大轉變。 1936年為了爭取中間階級的好感，中共主動提出建立大範圍的抗日民族統一戰線，並且停止沒收地主土地政策，改以減租減息政策為此一時期的基本政策。果然中共得到了各界的同情，也勢如破竹的在1949年取得國共內戰勝利，並在赤化中國大陸後順利的實現耕者有其田政策。 建立社會主義才是毛澤東與中國共產黨的最終目標。1953年毛提出社會主義過渡時期總路線，農村土地政策也因之改變，從土地農民個體所有、自主經營，到初級勞動互助，進一步到高級合作社，最後是土地集體所有的人民公社。中國大陸的土地政策，最終是實現毛澤東社會主義土地國有制，雖然是維護住了農業集體制，但是代價是犧牲最熱烈擁戴毛澤東的農民，因為大大降低廣大農民生產積極性，農民得不到農業生產的實際利益，使農村生活普遍貧窮困苦。 Land is a fundamental and essential element of human existence. Land problems arise from an imbalance in the relationship between people and land. In order to adjust the people/land relationship, so as to be able to make the best use of land and share in its profits, plans or programs must be formulated to address the land problem; that is, there must be a land policy. Because the Chinese for thousands of years suffered from a land imbalance, causing the concentration of land in a few hands, the rallying cry of solving the problem of the imbalance between the land and the masses became Mao Zedong’s most important weapon in the mobilization of large numbers of rural peasants. In 1927 Mao Zedong went to Jinggangshan, where he set up peasant associations in order to mobilize the masses, suppressed landlords and local tyrants, and redistributed wealth. He also established a base for peasants and armed forces, established Soviet power, and during the Jinggangshan period accumulated experience in agricultural reform in the Hunan-Jiangxi border area. The December 1928 promulgation of “Jinggangshan Land Law” established provisions of land policy, as “the confiscation of all land” was deemed incorrect. There soon followed in April 1929 Mao Zedong’s reformulation of the “Xingguo Land Law” to “Confiscation of all public land and all land of the landlord class.” And in order to meet the requirements of and increase support from peasants, the policy was changed from one of national ownership to one of peasant ownership. In 1936, in order to win the goodwill of the middle class, the Chinese Communist Party proposed the establishment of a large-scale, anti-Japanese national united front, and the ending of the policy of confiscating landlords’ land, instead adopting a basic policy of reducing rents and interest. The Chinese Communist Party earned sympathy from all sides, overwhelmed all resistance on the way to victory in the Chinese civil war in 1949, and smoothly implemented the “land to the tiller policy” in communized mainland China. Establishment of a socialist society was the ultimate goal of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party. In 1953, Mao set forth the general line of the socialist transition period, and rural land policy changed accordingly: from ownership of land by individual peasants who could farm it as they saw fit, to the early stages of collective labor, then further to advanced cooperatives, and finally to people’s communes under collective ownership of land. China’s land policy was ultimately to achieve Mao Zedong’s aim of a system of state-owned land. Although the collective agriculture system was maintained, the cost was the sacrifice of Mao Zedong’s most enthusiastic agricultural supporters: there was a large reduction in enthusiasm among a wide range of peasants, as they did not receive any tangible benefits from agricultural production, and poverty and suffering became widespread in the countryside. |
