| Abstract: | 終戰前楊梅地區社會經濟發展研究 摘要 本文以南桃園楊梅行政區為單一地區的概念出發，時間則從清代到日治時期為研究主軸，探討社會經濟的發展與變化。從地理景觀與環境、拓墾歷史沿革、經濟變遷與社會發展等四大面向，來分析此地區人群活動的情況。 在地理景觀與環境方面，楊梅地區地形上的特色是：四周的台地包圍著中間的楊梅地塹；社子溪為本區的主要河川，流經西北方的新屋鄉後，注入台灣海峽。氣候特色則是屬於：夏季高溫、時有颱風侵襲，冬季溼冷有雨的典型北台灣季風氣候。 在拓墾歷史沿革方面，清朝統治台灣212年，不過漢人正式拓墾楊梅地區則晚至乾隆五十年(1785)。清時期的生活型態著重在土地拓墾的進程、拓墾區域的劃分。日治時期，日人採取地方行政管理與科學調查方式將區域內前清時期的土地與人口加以整併及調查。 在經濟變遷方面，客家籍移民大量進入楊梅地區開墾，先民憑藉從原鄉帶來的水利工程與稻米、茶樹耕作等技術。水利設施改變了區域土地生產力，經濟得以發展。日治時期，日人採取殖民地型經濟的經營方式，引進近代科學技術與管理方法，使得各項農作物產量大增。 在社會發展方面，中國原鄉帶來的宗教信仰，例如：三官大帝、媽祖、土地伯公以及後來發展而成的客家地區義民爺信仰。各個區域拓墾持續進行時，奉祀各種神明的寺廟伴隨著建立。本章著重於分析與探討：各寺廟祭祀圈的形成與範圍、土地開墾與寺廟建立、地方領導家族與寺廟的淵源等三種社會現象相互間的關係。日治後期區域內寺廟與民間信仰皆因「皇民化運動」、「寺廟整理」這兩政策的衝擊而遭受破壞，一切都必須等到第二次世界大戰結束，才得以恢復原有規模。 關鍵詞：楊梅地區、社子溪、三官大帝、媽祖、土地伯公、寺廟整理 The study of the socio-economic development in Yangmei region before Pacific War Abstract This paper begins with the introduction of the geographical landscape of Yangmei. The terrain character of Yangmei region is mesas in the outskirts of a graben(Yangmei basin). The creeks diverted from the mesas after the confluence in the Hsueimei Village is known as Shetzu Creek. Shetzu Creek, the major river in the region, flows from the northwest, through Hsinwu Town, and into the Taiwan Strait. The region belongs to a typical monsoon climate zone in northern Taiwan, i.e. it has high temperatures and typhoons in summer, wet and rainy in winter. Regarding humanities and cultures, the Qing Dynasty rules Taiwan for 212 years. However, Han Chinese only appeared as the first farming settlers of the region officially in the year of the Emperor Qianlong(1785). Starting from the year, a large number of Hakka Han Chinese immigrants entered and cultivated Yangmei. With water irrigation system and farming techniques from their hometowns, they gradually developed Yangmei agricultural lifestyle in Qing Dynasty emphasized on (1) the evolution of Han Chinese cultivation, (2) the zoning of farming lands and (3) with the construction of irrigation facilities, how the productivity of farming lands improved, and resulted in socio-economic growth of Yangmei. The folk beliefs brought from their hometowns in China, such as the tales of Great Emperor of Three Universes, Mazu, Local Earth God and the later evolved Hakka Yimim belief, were the spiritual sustenance of the region in Qing Dynasty. Along with the cultivation of small areas were the rise of folk beliefs and the establishment of the village temples. This study discussed the interactions and relationships among the formation and the scope of the temple ritual circle in Yangmei region, the regional situation of farming land cultivation the village temples and the families of local leaders. During Japanese colonial time, the Japanese government took a different ruling style from the Qing Dynasty. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan. The economic patterns were changing, and Yangmei was no exception. Japanese introduced modern science, techniques and water irrigation facilities. Hence, various agricultural productions greatly increased. However, followed by Japan’s aggressive foreign policies and the break-out of Pacific War, the temples and beliefs in Yangmei region were impacted because the activities of Japanization intensified and the associated “Temple Consolidation”. The local traditional beliefs and temples were destroyed and were only restored after the end of the war. Keywords: Yangmei region, Shetzu River, The Great Emperor of Three Universes, Yimim belief, Temple Consolidation |
